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AP Psych Chapter 10
Thinking and Language
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognition | the mental activities of thinking, knowing, and remembering |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category |
| algorithm | a slow, methodical approach to solving a problem |
| heuristic | a quick, simple, and sometimes error-prone approach to solving a problem |
| insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to search for information that supports beliefs or predispositions |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| mental set | the tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | the failure to perceive uses for an object that differ from its intended function |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things by comparing them to particular prototypes, can lead to the removal of relevant information |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| overconfidence | the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of personal beliefs and judgements |
| belief bias | the tendency for preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning |
| belief perseverance | clinging to initial conceptions, even after they have been discredited |
| language | spoken, written, or signed words and the way in which people combine them to create meaning |
| phoneme | the smallest distinctive sound units in a language |
| morpheme | the smallest sound unit that carries meaning in a language |
| grammar | a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| babbling stage | a stage that begins at about 4 months in which an infant begins to spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | a stage during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements that begins at about age 2 |
| telegraphic speech | an early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs without adding auxiliary word |
| Artificial Intelligence | the study and design of replicating human qualities of intelligence in machines |
| Linguistic Determinism | The theory that all the thoughts available to a particular group of people come from their language |
| framing | the process of imposing selective influence on stimuli, presenting it in a particular manner |
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Kingsclass
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