Question 1

A specific, testable prediction that forms the basis of a research project is called a

Accepted Answer

hypothesis

Question 2

to repeat an experimental test procedure and obtain the same results is to _____ the test of the hypothesis

Accepted Answer

replication

Question 3

A time when certain things must occur for normal development is a ________ ______. At certain points there may also be a _________ ______.

Accepted Answer

nature nurture debate

critical period, sensitive period

Question 4

Genes and environment _______ every aspect of development

Accepted Answer

affect

Question 5

The 5 developmental characteristics embodied within the life-span perspective are that development is

Accepted Answer

multi-culteral, multi-contextual, multi-disiplinary, multi-directional, multi plastic

Question 6

The approach that emphasizes the influence of the systems that support the developing person is called the

Accepted Answer

ecological system approach.

Question 7

A group of people born within a few years of each other is called a

Accepted Answer

cohort

Question 8

These people tend to be affected by history in

Accepted Answer

the same way

Question 9

A contextual influence that is determined by a person's income, wealth, education, place of residence and occupation is called

Accepted Answer

SES

Question 10

The meaning and information system shared by a group and transmitted across generations, constitutes a

Accepted Answer

culture

Question 11

people are influnced by____ ____ ___culture

Accepted Answer

more than one

Question 12

A collection of people who share certain attributes, such as ancestry, national origin, religion, and language, is called an

Accepted Answer

ethnic group

Question 13

Because human development over the life span is such a vast subject, a ________________ approach is needed.

Accepted Answer

multi disiplinary

Question 14

One of the most encouraging aspects of the science of development is that development is characterized by _________, or the ability to change throughout life.

Accepted Answer

plasticity

Question 15

The science of human development is defined as the study of

Accepted Answer

how and why people change or remain the same over time.

Question 16

The research method that involves the use of open-ended questions and obtains answers that are not easily translated into categories is

Accepted Answer

qualitative research

Question 17

Nature is to nurture as

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genes are to environment.

Question 18

Dynamic-systems theory emphasizes the idea that

Accepted Answer

human development is always changing and that change in one area affects all others.

Question 19

The ecological-systems approach to developmental psychology focuses on the

Accepted Answer

overall environment of development

Question 20

The science of development focuses on

Accepted Answer

the sources of continuity from the beginning of life to the end, the sources of discontinuity throughout life, the "nonlinear" character of human developmentthat respond to actions performed by another person are called

Question 21

Brain cells that respond to actions performed by another person called

Accepted Answer

mirror neurons

Question 22

a hypothesis is a

Accepted Answer

prediction to be tested

Question 23

a developmentalist who is interested in studying the influences of a person's immediate environment on his or her behavior is focusing on which system?

Accepted Answer

microsystem

Question 24

socioeconomic status is determined by a combination of variables, including

Accepted Answer

income, education, and occupation

Question 25

to say that developmental science is empirical means that it

Accepted Answer

is based on observation, experience, or experiment

Question 26

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigation the relationship between parents' religious beliefs and their attitudes toward middle-school sex education?

Accepted Answer

the survey

Question 27

to establish cause, which type of research study would an investigator conduct?

Accepted Answer

an experiment

Question 28

developmentalists who carefully observe the behavior of shcoolchildren during recess are using a research method known as

Accepted Answer

scientific observation

Question 29

scientists rarely repeat an experiment

Accepted Answer

false

Question 30

the case study of David clearly demonstrates that for some children only nature (or heredity) is important.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 31

observation usually indicates a clear relationship between cause and effect.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 32

each social contest influences development independently

Accepted Answer

false

Question 33

cohort differences are an example of the impact of the social context on development.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 34

every trait of an individual can be molded into different forms and shapes

Accepted Answer

true

Question 35

because of its limitations, qualitative research is rarely used in developmental research.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 36

the influences between and within Bronfenbrenner's systems are unidirectional and independent.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 37

people of different ethnic groups can all share one culture.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 38

Longitudinal research is particularly useful in studying development over a long age span.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 39

an individual's personal sphere of development refers to his or her

Accepted Answer

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Question 40

developmental psychologists explore three domains of development:

Accepted Answer

biological, cognitive, social

Question 41

the most important principle of the developmental research code of ethics is

Accepted Answer

never physically or psychologically harm those who are invloved in research.

Question 42

from ages 2 to 10, children ordinarily gain a few pounds each year. this is an example of

Accepted Answer

continuity in development

Question 43

according to the ecological-systems approach, the macrosystem would include

Accepted Answer

cultural values

Question 44

In an experiment, the treatment of interest is given to the ____________ group; the no-treatment group is the _______ group.

Accepted Answer

experimental; control

Question 45

a cohort is defined as a group of people

Accepted Answer

born within a few years of each other

Question 46

in a test of the effects of noise, groups of students performed a proofreading task in a noisy or a quiet room. to what group were students in the noisy room assigned?

Accepted Answer

experimental

Question 47

In differentiating ethnicity and culture, we note that

Accepted Answer

people of many ethnic groups can share one culture, yet maintain their ethnic identities.

Question 48

if developmentalists discovered that poor people are happier than wealthy people, this would indicate that wealth and happiness are

Accepted Answer

correlated

Question 49

the plasticity of development refers to the fact that

Accepted Answer

human characteristics can be molded into different forms and shapes.

Question 50

in an experiment that tests the effects of noise level on mood, mood is the

Accepted Answer

independent variable

Question 51

research on mirror neurons has revealed that

Accepted Answer

when experts in dance watch a performance, their brains are activated as if they themselves were performing. the action of mirror neurons in part explains why children learn so quickly, neural activity mirrors the intentions and emotions of people around

Question 52

which of the following statements concerning ethnicity and culture is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Ethnicity is determined genetically.

Question 53

group of people born within a few years of each other

Accepted Answer

cohort

Question 54

determined by a person's income, education, occupation, and so on

Accepted Answer

socioeconomic status

Question 55

research study comparing people of different ages at the same time

Accepted Answer

cross-sectional research

Question 56

collection of people who share certain attributes, such as national origin

Accepted Answer

ethnic group

Question 57

shared values, patterns of behavior, and customs maintained by people in a specific setting

Accepted Answer

culture

Question 58

the variable manipulated in an experiment

Accepted Answer

independent variable

Question 59

to repeat a study and obtain the same findings

Accepted Answer

replicate

Question 60

the variable measured in an experiment

Accepted Answer

dependent variable

Question 61

research study retesting one group of people at several different times

Accepted Answer

longitudinal research

Question 62

psychoanalytic theory interprets human development in terms of inner _______ and ______, which are___________ and ___________ and originate in _________

Accepted Answer

motives, drives, unconscious, irrational, childhood

Question 63

According to Freud's _________theory, children experience sexual pleasures and desires during the first six years as they pass through three stages.

Accepted Answer

psychoanylitic

Question 64

According to Freud's psychoanalitic theory, from infancy to early childhood to the preschool years, these stages are the ____ stage, the ____ stage and the _______ stage.

Accepted Answer

oral, anal, phallic

Question	Answer
A specific, testable prediction that forms the basis of a research project is called a	hypothesis
to repeat an experimental test procedure and obtain the same results is to _____ the test of the hypothesis	replication
A time when certain things must occur for normal development is a ________ ______. At certain points there may also be a _________ ______.	nature nurture debate critical period, sensitive period
Genes and environment _______ every aspect of development	affect
The 5 developmental characteristics embodied within the life-span perspective are that development is	multi-culteral, multi-contextual, multi-disiplinary, multi-directional, multi plastic
The approach that emphasizes the influence of the systems that support the developing person is called the	ecological system approach.
A group of people born within a few years of each other is called a	cohort
These people tend to be affected by history in	the same way
A contextual influence that is determined by a person's income, wealth, education, place of residence and occupation is called	SES
The meaning and information system shared by a group and transmitted across generations, constitutes a	culture
people are influnced by____ ____ ___culture	more than one
A collection of people who share certain attributes, such as ancestry, national origin, religion, and language, is called an	ethnic group
Because human development over the life span is such a vast subject, a ________________ approach is needed.	multi disiplinary
One of the most encouraging aspects of the science of development is that development is characterized by _________, or the ability to change throughout life.	plasticity
The science of human development is defined as the study of	how and why people change or remain the same over time.
The research method that involves the use of open-ended questions and obtains answers that are not easily translated into categories is	qualitative research
Nature is to nurture as	genes are to environment.
Dynamic-systems theory emphasizes the idea that	human development is always changing and that change in one area affects all others.
The ecological-systems approach to developmental psychology focuses on the	overall environment of development
The science of development focuses on	the sources of continuity from the beginning of life to the end, the sources of discontinuity throughout life, the "nonlinear" character of human developmentthat respond to actions performed by another person are called
Brain cells that respond to actions performed by another person called	mirror neurons
a hypothesis is a	prediction to be tested
a developmentalist who is interested in studying the influences of a person's immediate environment on his or her behavior is focusing on which system?	microsystem
socioeconomic status is determined by a combination of variables, including	income, education, and occupation
to say that developmental science is empirical means that it	is based on observation, experience, or experiment
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigation the relationship between parents' religious beliefs and their attitudes toward middle-school sex education?	the survey
to establish cause, which type of research study would an investigator conduct?	an experiment
developmentalists who carefully observe the behavior of shcoolchildren during recess are using a research method known as	scientific observation
scientists rarely repeat an experiment	false
the case study of David clearly demonstrates that for some children only nature (or heredity) is important.	false
observation usually indicates a clear relationship between cause and effect.	false
each social contest influences development independently	false
cohort differences are an example of the impact of the social context on development.	true
every trait of an individual can be molded into different forms and shapes	true
because of its limitations, qualitative research is rarely used in developmental research.	false
the influences between and within Bronfenbrenner's systems are unidirectional and independent.	false
people of different ethnic groups can all share one culture.	true
Longitudinal research is particularly useful in studying development over a long age span.	true
an individual's personal sphere of development refers to his or her	microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
developmental psychologists explore three domains of development:	biological, cognitive, social
the most important principle of the developmental research code of ethics is	never physically or psychologically harm those who are invloved in research.
from ages 2 to 10, children ordinarily gain a few pounds each year. this is an example of	continuity in development
according to the ecological-systems approach, the macrosystem would include	cultural values
In an experiment, the treatment of interest is given to the ____________ group; the no-treatment group is the _______ group.	experimental; control
a cohort is defined as a group of people	born within a few years of each other
in a test of the effects of noise, groups of students performed a proofreading task in a noisy or a quiet room. to what group were students in the noisy room assigned?	experimental
In differentiating ethnicity and culture, we note that	people of many ethnic groups can share one culture, yet maintain their ethnic identities.
if developmentalists discovered that poor people are happier than wealthy people, this would indicate that wealth and happiness are	correlated
the plasticity of development refers to the fact that	human characteristics can be molded into different forms and shapes.
in an experiment that tests the effects of noise level on mood, mood is the	independent variable
research on mirror neurons has revealed that	when experts in dance watch a performance, their brains are activated as if they themselves were performing. the action of mirror neurons in part explains why children learn so quickly, neural activity mirrors the intentions and emotions of people around
which of the following statements concerning ethnicity and culture is NOT true?	Ethnicity is determined genetically.
group of people born within a few years of each other	cohort
determined by a person's income, education, occupation, and so on	socioeconomic status
research study comparing people of different ages at the same time	cross-sectional research
collection of people who share certain attributes, such as national origin	ethnic group
shared values, patterns of behavior, and customs maintained by people in a specific setting	culture
the variable manipulated in an experiment	independent variable
to repeat a study and obtain the same findings	replicate
the variable measured in an experiment	dependent variable
research study retesting one group of people at several different times	longitudinal research
psychoanalytic theory interprets human development in terms of inner _______ and ______, which are___________ and ___________ and originate in _________	motives, drives, unconscious, irrational, childhood
According to Freud's _________theory, children experience sexual pleasures and desires during the first six years as they pass through three stages.	psychoanylitic
According to Freud's psychoanalitic theory, from infancy to early childhood to the preschool years, these stages are the ____ stage, the ____ stage and the _______ stage.	oral, anal, phallic
specify the focus of sexual pleasure and the major developmental need associated with each of Freud's stages...oral=_____ anal=______	mouth, toilet
Erik Erikson's theory of development, which focuses on social and cultural influences, describes___(number) developmental stages.	8
Each developmental stage is characterized by a particular developmental ______ related to the person's relationship to the social and cultural environment.	crisis
Unlike Freud, Erikson proposed stages of development that ____ a persons lifetime.	span
Birth to 1 year	trust vs. mistrust
1-3years	autonomy vs. shame and doubt
a major theory in American psychology, which opposed psychoanalytic theory, was ___________	behaviorism
Behaviorism is a psychoanalytic theory which emerged early in the 20th century under the influence of	John Watson
John Watsons' theory is also called ________ theory because of its emphasis on learning behavior step by step	learning
Behaviorists have formulated laws of behavior that are believed to apply	at all ages
the learning process, which is called	CONDITIONING
the learning process, which is called conditioning takes two forms	classical conditioning and operant conditioning
in classical conditioning, which was discovered by the Russian scientist	Pavlov
In classical conditioning, which was discovered by the russian scientist Pavlov and is also called_________conditioning, a person or an animal learns to associate a _______ stimulus with a meaningful one	respondent conditioning, neutral
according to __________, the learning of more complex responses is the result of_________	BF Skinner,operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is when a person learns that a particular behavior produces a particular___________, such as a reward.	consequence
Operant conditioning is a type of learning that is also called________	instrumental conditioning
The process of repeating a consequence to make it more likely that the behavior in question will recur is called__________.	reinforcement
The purpose of a developmental theory is to	provide a broad and coherent view of the complex influences on human development, offer guidance for practical issues encountered by parents, teachers, and therapists and generate testable hypotheses about development.
which developmental theory emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives and motives on behavior?	psychoanalytic
Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by freud?	oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, genital stage
Erikson's psychosocial theory of human development describes	eight crises all people are thought to face
Which of the following theories does NOT belong with the others?	sociocultural
An American psychologist who explained complex human behaviors in terms of operant conditioning was	BF Skinner
Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a tone because they associated the tone with food. Pavlov's experiment with dogs was an early demonstration of	classical conditioning
Modeling, an integral part of social learning theory, is so called because it	involves people's patterning their behavior after that of others
Which developmental theory suggests that each person is born with genetic tendencies that direct development?	evolutionary
Which grand theory of development focuses on emotions?	psychoanalytic
Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?	sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, forman operational
when an individual's existing understanding no longer fits his or her present experiences, the result is called	disequilibrium
behaviorists study what people actually do, not what they might be thinking.	true
Erikson's eight developmental stages are centered ont on a body part but on each person's relationship to the social environment.	true
sociocultural theory arose from fields of archeology, biology, and ethology.	false
few developmental theorists today believe that humans have instincts or abilities that arise from our species' biological heritage.	false
of the major developmental theories, cognitive theory gives the most emphasis to the interaction of genes and experience in shaping development.	false
according to Piaget, a state of cognitive equilibrium must be attained before cognitive growth can occur.	false
in part, cognitive theory examines how an individual's understandings and expectations affect his or her behavior.	true
according to Piaget, children begin to think only when they reach preschool age.	false
most contemporary researchers have adopted an eclectic perspective on development	true
the central idea of humanism is that all people have the same basic needs.	true
Which developmental theorist has been criticized for suggesting that every child, in every culture, in every nation, passes through certain fixed stages?	Freud, Piaget,Erikson
of the following terms, the one that does NOT describe a stage of Freud's theory of childhood sexuality is	sensorimotor
we are more likely to imitate the behavior of others if we particularly admire and identify with them. this belief finds expression in	social learning theory
Dr. Iverson believes the computer, and how it processes data, is an exellent model for studying human thinking. Dr. Iverson is evidently a proponent of which theory?	information processing
According to Erikson, an adult who has difficulty establishing a secure, mutual relationship with a life partner might never have resolved the crisis of	trust versus mistrust
who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "anything can be learned"?	John Watson
Classical conditioning is to ______as operant conditioning is to _______	Pavlov; Skinner
Behaviorists have found that they can often solve a person's seemingly complex psychological problem by	altering the environment
According to Piaget, an infant first comes to know the world through	senses and motor abilities
In Piaget's theory, cognitive equilibrium refers to	a state of mental balance
You teach your dog to "speak" by giving her a treat each time she does so. This is an example of	reinforcement
A child who must modify an old idea in order to incorporate a new experience is using the process of	accommodation
a major pioneer of the sociocultural perspective was	Lev Vygotsky
emphasizes the impact of the immediate environment on behavior	behaviorism
sociocultural, evolutionary, humanism	newer theories
emphasizes that people learn by observing others	social learning theory
seeing others with appreciation and without conditions	unconditional positive regard
a process of learning, as described by Pavlov or Skinner	conditioning
emphasizes the "hidden dramas" that influence behavior	psychoanalytic theory
emphasizes the cultrual context in development	sociocultural theory
emphasizes how our thoughts shape our actions	cognitive theory
the process whereby a person learns by imitating someone else's behavior	modeling
emphasizes inherited tendencies that foster species' survival and reproduction	evolutionary theory
theory that genes determine every aspect of development	humanism
chromosome pair inherited by a genetic females	xx
identical twins	monozygotic
sperm and ovum	gametes
the first cell of the developing person	zygote
a person who has a recessive gene in his or her genotype that is not expressed in the phenotype	carrier
fraternal twins	dizygotic
a pattern in which each gene in question makes an active contribution to the final outcome	additive
a DNA molecule	chromosome
the behavioral or physical expression of genetic potential	phenotype
a chromosomal abnormality	fragile X syndrome
alternate versions of a gene	alleles
chromosome pair inherited by genetic males	XY
a person's entire genetic inheritance	genotype
with the exception of sperm and egg cells, each human cell contains	46 chromosomes
most recessive disorders are	not sex-linked
Dizygotic twins result when	two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm
term for the period which a developing baby's body parts are most susceptible to damage	critical period
agents and conditions that can damage the developing organism	teratogens
the age when viability is attained	fetal period
lack of oxygen which, if prolonged during the birth process, may lead to brain damage	anoxia
characterised by abnormal facial characteristics, slowed growth, behavior problems, and mental retardation	fetal alcohol syndrome
the life-giving organ that nourishes the embryo and fetus	placenta
when implantation occurs	germinal period
the prenatal period when all major body structures begin to form	embryonic period
a baby born 3 or more weeks early	preterm
a woman who helps with the birth process	doula
a device for studying depth perception	visual cliff
understanding how to reach a goal	new adaptation and anticipation
able to put two ideas together	mental combinations
a feedback loop involving the infant's own body	primary circular reaction
a feedback loop involving people and objects	secondary circular reaction
a hypothetical device that facilitates language development	LAD
also called baby talk or motherese	child-directed speech
Piaget's term for the stage-five toddler	"little scientist"
purposeful actions	goal-directed behavior
a feedback loop involving active exploration and experimentation	tertiary circular reaction
all the methods used by a language to communicate meaning	grammar
in general terms, the Gibsons' concept of affordances emphasizes the idea that the individual perceives and object in terms of its	function or use to the individual
according to Piaget, when a baby repeats an action that has just triggered a pleasing response from his or her caregiver, a stage_____behavior	three
sensorimotor intelligence begins with a baby's first	reflexes
Piaget and the Gibsons would most likely agree that	learning and perception are active cognitive processes
toward the end of the first year, infants usually learn how to	accomplish simple goals
when an infant begins to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight, she or he has begun to understand the concept of object	permanence
today, most cognitive psychologists view language acquisition as	determined by both biological maturation and learning
despite cultural differences, children all over the world attain very similar language skills	in the same sequence according to a variable timetable
the average baby speaks a few words at about	12 months
a single word used by toddlers to express a complete thought is	a holophrase
a distinctive form of language, with a particular pitch, structure, etc., that adults use in talking to infants is called	child-directed speech

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psychology chapters

chapters 1-7

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