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Psychology Ch3 vocab
Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | cells in the nervous system that communicate w/ one another to perform information-processing tasks |
| Cell Body | the part of a neuron that coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive |
| Dendrite | part of neuron that receives info. from other neurons and relays it to the cell body |
| Axon | part of a neuron that transmits info. to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| Myelin Sheath | an insulating layer of fatty material |
| Glial Cells | support cells found in the nervous system |
| Synapse | junction/region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another |
| Sensory Neurons | neurons that receive info. from the external world and convey this info to the brain via spinal cord |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement |
| Interneurons | neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons |
| Resting Potential | the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane |
| Action potential | an electric signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse |
| refractory period | time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated |
| Terminal Buttons | knoblike structures that branch out from an axon |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit info. across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites |
| Receptors | parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal |
| Acetycholine | a neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal |
| Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in info. transmission throughout the brain |
| GABA | the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
| Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter that influences mood and arousal |
| Serotonin | A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior |
| Endorphins | Chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain |
| Agonists | Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter |
| Antagonists | Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmiter |
| Nervous System | an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical info. throughout the body |
| Central Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | the part of the nervous system that connects the central system to the body's organs and muscles |
| Somatic Nervous System | a set of nerves that convey info. into and out of the central nervous sytem |
| Autonomic Nervous System | set of nerves that carries commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations |
| parasympathetic Nervous System | set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state |
| Spinal Reflexes | simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions |
| Hindbrain | area of the brain that coordinates info. coming into and out of the spinal cord |
| Medulla | extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration |
| Reticular Formation | brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal |
| Cerebelum | large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills |
| Pons | brain structure that relays info. from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
| Tectum | part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment |
| Tegmentum | part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal |
| Cerebal Cortex | the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into two hemispheres |
| Subcortical Structures | areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain |
| Limbic System | group of forebrain structures |
| Thalamus | subcortical structure that relays and filters info. from the senses and transmits the info. to the cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | subcortial structure that regulates body temp., hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior |
| Pituitary Gland | master gland of the body's hormone-producing system, releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body |
| Hippocampus | structure critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so it can be stored in other parts of the cerebral cortex |
| Amygdala | part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional processes, mainly the formation of emotional memories |
| Basal Ganglia | set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements |
| Corpus Callosum | thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of info. across the hemispheres |
| Occipital Lobe | region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual info. |
| Parietal Lobe | region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing info. about touch |
| Temporal Lobe | region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language |
| Frontal Lobe | region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement |
| Association Areas | areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info. registered in the cortex |
| Gene | unit of hereditary transmission |
| Chromosomes | strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration |
| Heritability | measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors |
| Electroencephalograph | a device used to record electrical activity in the brain |
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