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Intro Psych
Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolute threshold | minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation |
| difference threshold | just noticeable difference between two stimuli |
| signal detection theory | detecting a stimulus requires making a judgment |
| gate control theory of pain | pain receptors must be activated and a neural gate in the spinal cord must allow signals through to the brain |
| sound intensity | amplitude |
| sound pitch | frequency |
| sensory adaption | decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation |
| hue | frequency |
| brightness | amplitude |
| saturation | mixture of wavelengths |
| feature detector | cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment |
| lateral inhibition | cells in neighboring parts of the retina inhibit each other |
| rescorla-wagner model | the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected or surprising; novel stimuli |
| premack principle | a more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity; spinach and ice cream |
| hebb's theory | cells that fire together, wire together |
| LTP | strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated |
| garcia effect | when someone is biologically primed to associate sickness with a taste and smell |
| biological preparedness | biologically programmed to fear specific objects |
| thorndike's law of effect | rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur |
| spread of effects | the connection created by punishment could be broader than intended |
| steps of observational learning | attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
| baddeley's model of working memory | central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer |
| flashbulb memories | vivid memories of the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event |
| explicit memory | stuff you can declare |
| episodic | stuff that happens to you |
| semantic | description of facts/general knowledge |
| implicit | unconscious learning; no effort |
| serial position effect | better recall of early and late items in a list |
| levels of processing | more deeply an item is encoded, the better it is remembered; structural, phonemic, semantic |
| spreading activation | activating one node increases the likelihood of associated nodes becoming active |
| transcience | forgetting over time |
| retroactive interference | new inhibits old |
| proactive interference | old inhibits new |
| ebbinghaus curve | forgetting occurs rapidly over first few days then levels off |
| absentmindedness | inattentive or shallow encoding of events |
| source misattributions | misremembering of the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory |
| cryptomnesia | thinking something is your idea when it really came from somewhere else |
| sleeper effect | credibility of information changes because you forget the original source |
| retrograde amnesia | loses past memories |
| anterograde amnesia | loses ability to form new memories |
| inductive reasoning | specific to general |
| deductive reasoning | general to specific |
| fluid intelligence | information processing in novel/complex circumstances |
| crystallized intelligence | knowledge we acquire through experience and the ability to use that knowledge to solve problems |
| four index scores from WAIS | verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed |
| factor analysis | if scores on different types of tests cluster together, assume they are measuring the same thing; one general factor underlies all types of skills |
| availability heuristic | tendency to judge the probability of events based on how easy it is to think of examples |
| recognition heuristic | attributes more value to recognized entity |
| representativeness heuristic | judging likelihood of things in terms of how wel they represent prototypes; conjunction fallacy |
| gambler's fallacy | believing the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't happened recently |
Created by:
arpatrick
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