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Thinking Critically
Chapter 1 vocab and statements
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Wilhelm Wundt accomplish in 1879? | He created a machine to measure time lag between people's hearing a sound and reacting to it. |
| What was Wundt seeking to accomplish in 1879? | He wanted to measure the "atoms of the mind." - fastest and simplest mental processes |
| What was Wilhelm Wundt's project in 1879 considered? | It was considered psychology's first experiment. |
| What was launched after psychology's "first experiment?" | The first psychological lab was launched. |
| Who staffed the first psychological lab? | The lab was staffed by Wilhelm Wundt and the first psychology graduates. |
| What is humanistic psychology? | Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth. |
| What is cognitive neuroscience? | Cognitive neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (mental activity). |
| What is psychology? | Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. |
| What is the nature-nurture issue? | The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
| What are the levels of analysis? | The levels of analysis are the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. |
| What is the biopsychosocial approach? | The biopsychosocial approach is an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
| What is basic research? | Basic research is pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |
| What is applied research? | Applied research is scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
| What is the role of a counseling psychologist? | Counseling psychologists help people cope with challenges and crises (academic, vocational, marital, etc.) and to improve their personal and social functioning. |
| What is the role of a clinical psychologist? | Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. |
| What is the role of a psychiatrist? | Psychiatrists are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders. |
| What is hindsight bias? | Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. |
| What can hindsight bias and overconfidence lead us to? | Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate our intuition. |
| What is critical thinking? | Critical thinking is thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| What is a theory? | A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
| What is an operational definition? | An operational definition is a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. |
| What is replication? | Replication is repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
| What is a case study? | A case study is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| How can case studies be misleading? | Case studies can be misleading because unrepresentative information can lead to mistaken judgments and false conclusions. |
| What is a survey? | A survey is a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group. |
| How do people usually conduct a survey? | A survey is usually conducted by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |
| How do you get an accurate picture of a whole population's experience? | For an accurate picture of a whole population's experience, there's only one game in town- a representative sample. |
| What is a population? | A population is all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. |
| What is a random sample? | A random sample is a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| What do you do before accepting survey findings? | Before accepting survey findings, think critically: Consider the sample. |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Naturalistic observation is observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
| What does naturalistic observation show for behavior? | Naturalistic describes behavior, not explain it. |
| What can naturalistic observation provide? | Naturalistic observation can provide data for correlational research. |
| What is correlation? | Correlation is the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
| What does positive correlation indicate? | Positive correlation indicates a direct relationship and means two things increase together or decrease together. |
| What does negative correlation indicate? | Negative correlation indicates an inverse relationship and means as one factor increases, the other decreases. |
| What does a correlation coefficient reveal? | A correlation coefficient helps us see the world more clearly by revealing the extent to which two things relate. |
| What is illusory correlation? | Illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship where none exists. |
| What does correlation indicate? | Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation. |
| What is an experiment? | An experiment is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. |
| What is random assignment? | Random assignment is assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
| Why does an experiment manipulate its factor? | Unlike correlational studies, which uncover naturally occurring relationships, an experiment manipulates a factor to determine its effect. |
| What is an experimental group? | In an experiment, an experimental group is the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
| What is a control group? | In an experiment, a control group is the group that is not exposed to the treatment. |
| In an experiment, what does the control group serve as? | The control group serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| What is the double-blind procedure? | The double-blind procedure is an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. |
| What is the placebo effect? | The placebo effect is experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
| What is the independent variable? | The independent variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The dependent variable is the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
| What is a culture? | A culture is the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
| What is SQ3R? | SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review. |
Created by:
moore.daneisha
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