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PSYB30 1
Chapter 1- Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| individual differences | characteristics of persons that can be said to differ w/respect to amount or degree from one person to the next. S/A personality traits, schemas are considered part of individual differences |
| personality traits | general, internal, and and comparative dispositions that we attribute to ppl in our initial efforts to sort individuals into beh. categories & to account 4 consistencies we perceive or expect in beh. from 1 situation to the next and over time |
| self-report questionnaires | rationale= most people have a good idea of what their basic traits are |
| contribution of personality psychology | construction & validation of scientifically useful measures of individual differences in personality traits |
| good trait measures | useful to predicting behaviour over time and across situations. employed in efforts to discern biological bases of human beh. |
| Big Five traits provide a comprehensive description of basic dimensions of variability in human psychological qualities that are implicated in consequential social beh. | 5 broad personality traits assumed by some researchers to subsume the entire domain of possible traits. Extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, conscientiousness, & agreeableness |
| extraversion (E) | sociable vs. retiring; fun-loving vs. sober; affectionate vs. reserved; friendly vs. aloof; spontaneous vs. inhibited; talkative vs. quiet |
| neuroticism (N) | worrying vs. calm; nervous vs. at ease; high-strung vs. relaxed; insecure vs. secure; self-pitying vs. self-satisfied; vulnerable vs. hardy |
| openness to experience (O) | original vs. conventional; imaginative vs. down to earth; creative vs. uncreative; broad interests vs. narrow interests; complex vs. simple; curious vs. incurious |
| agreeableness (A) | good-natured vs. irritable; soft-hearted vs. ruthless; courteous vs. rude; forgiving vs.vengeful; sympathetic vs. callous; agreeable vs. disagreeable |
| conscientiousness (C) | conscientiousness vs. negligent; careful vs. careless; reliable vs. undependable; well-organized vs. disorganized; self-disciplined vs. weak-willed; persevering vs. qutting |
| characteristic adaptations- motivational, cognitive, or developmental concern the meaning of which comes in part frm the particular temporal, situational, or social role-oriented context w/in which it is embedded | adaptations s/a goals, schemas motives, plans, & stages comprise level 2 of personality. Level 1 is made up of dispositional traits and level 3 is made up of integrative life stories |
| human motivation theories | what people fundamentally desire in life |
| Cognition & personality theories | the role of cognitive factors—values, beliefs, expectancies, schemas, plans, personal constructs, cognitive styles—in human individuality |
| Developmental theories | focuses on the evolution of the self, & its relationships w/others from birth to old age |
| Sigmund Freud (1900/1953); motivational | unconscious drives/needs for sexuality & aggression |
| Henry Murray (1938); motivational | more than 20 psychogenic needs, s/a needs for achievement, power, affiliation/intimacy |
| Carl Rogers (1951); motivational | fundamental need for self-actualization motivates healthy, growth-inducing behavior |
| Abraham Maslow (1968); motivational | hierarchy of needs, running from physiological and safety needs to esteem and actualization needs |
| Deci & Ryan (1991); motivational | 3 basic growth needs; autonomy competence, relatedness |
| George Kelly (1955); social-cognitive | psychology of personal constructs: basic categories for construing subjective experience |
| Cantor & Kihlstrom (1987); social-cognitive | social intelligence: schema & skills |
| Erik Erikson (1963); self-developmental | 8 stages of psychosocial development |
| Jane Loevinger (1976); self-developmental | stages of ego development |
| Characteristic Adaptations (eg. Goals, motives, & life plans; religious values & beliefs; cognitive schemas; psychosocial stages; developmental tasks) | particular facets of personality that describe personal adaptations to motivational, cognitive, & developmental challenges & tasks. Usually contextualized in time, place, situation or social role |
| integrative life stories | an internalized & evolving narrative of the self that integrates the reconstructed past, perceived present, & anticipated future in order to provide a life w/a sense of unity & purpose |
| life story is | an identity, and as the identity of an individual changes so does the story |
| Interpreting peoples’ life stories | ppl actively & more-or-less consciously make meaning out of their own lives in terms of narratives that are prevalent in their own cultures. Pick & choose from diff. stories in their culture to help in the creation of narrative stories |
| Other approaches to interpretation incl. | stories are shaped by forces over which individuals have little control, that life stories are fragmented & often false, & that individuals don’t & can’t know what the real meanings of their lives are. |
| Psychoanalytic way of interpreting life stories | interpretation is always a matter of delving deep beneath the surface narrative. Seeking out a deeper meaning and underlying conflicts |
| Dispositional Traits (eg. Dominance, tendency towards depression, & punctuality) | Broad dimensions of personality that describe assumedly internal, global, & stable individual differences in beh., thought,& feeling. Traits account for consistency in individual functioning across diff. situations & over time |
| Life stories (eg. Earliest memory, reconstruction of childhood, anticipations of future self; rags-to-riches stories) | evolving & integrative incl. past, present, & future; address the prblms of identity & integration in personality—prblms especially characteristic of modern adulthood (modern societies) |
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Ugly.Beauty
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