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AP Psych Chapter 11
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intelligence Threat | |
| Mental Age | the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; used by Binet to characterize early IQ scores |
| Stanford-Binet | a test of intelligence; the first important IQ test in the English language. |
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | a measure of an individual's probable performance in school and similar settings |
| Aptitude Tests | A test designed to predict a person's future performance |
| Achievement Tests | A test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; it contains verbal and performance subtests |
| WISC | Weshsler-Intelligence Scale for Children; an individual test developed especially for school-aged children; it yields verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores |
| Eugenics | The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. |
| Standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested, representative, sample group. |
| Normal Curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. |
| Reliability | the repeatability of a test's scores |
| Validity | the determination of how well a test measures what it claims to measure |
| Content Validity | the similarity between the items in the test and the information that the test is designed to measure |
| Criterion | The behavior that a test is designed to predict |
| Predictive Validity | the ability of a test's scores to predict some-real world performances |
| Intelligence | Mental quality consisting of that ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
| Factor Analysis | Factor Analysis A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test |
| General Intelligence (g) | Spearman's "general" factor which all IQ tests and all parts of an IQ test are believed to have in common. |
| Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) | A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life |
| Degrees of Mental Retardation | These include the Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound categories. |
| Down Sydrome | A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup |
| Autism | Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. |
| Asperger's Syndrome | a disorder that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. |
| Heritability (of Intelligence) | investigates the relative importance of genetics and environment for phenotypic variation in intelligence quotient (IQ) in a population. |
| Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| Multiple Intelligences | the idea that there may be several specific "intelligences" that can exist in a individual independently of one another (e.g. visual-spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, etc.) |
| Emotional Intelligence | The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions |
| Stereotype Threat | a person's perceived risk they they might do something that support an unfavorable stereotype about their group. |
| cognition | the mental activities of thinking, knowing, and remembering |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category |
| algorithm | a slow, methodical approach to solving a problem |
| heuristic | a quick, simple, and sometimes error-prone approach to solving a problem |
| insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to search for information that supports beliefs or predispositions |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has been successful in the past |
| functional fixedness | the failure to perceive uses for an object that differ from its intended function |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things by comparing them to particular prototypes, can lead to the removal of relevant information |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| overconfidence | the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of personal beliefs and judgements |
| belief bias | the tendency for preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning |
| belief perseverance | clinging to initial conceptions, even after they have been discredited |
| language | spoken, written, or signed words and the way in which people combine them to create meaning |
| phoneme | the smallest distinctive sound units in a language |
| morpheme | the smallest sound unit that carries meaning in a language |
| grammar | a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| babbling stage | a stage that begins at about 4 months in which an infant begins to spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | a stage during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements that begins at about age 2 |
| telegraphic speech | an early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs without adding auxiliary words |
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