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RADT308 - ABDOMEN
Radiology review of the abdomen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| KUB stands for | kidneys, ureters, bladder |
| acute abdominal series will generally require a minimum of how many views? | 2 - upright/decub abdomen and supine abdomen (may include chest also) |
| three muscles important in abdominal radiography | diaphragm, right psoas, left psoas |
| accessory organs for the digestive system | liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| six organs of the digestive system | oral cavity, pharynx, esohagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| part of the lymphatic system that may be visible on an abdomen radiograph | spleen |
| an expandable reservoir for swallowed food and fluids; size and shape may vary depending on contents and body habitus | stomach |
| extends between the stomach and large intestine | small intestine |
| shortest portion of the small intestine | duodenum |
| first portion of the small intestine | duodenum |
| portion of the small intestine that looks like the letter C | duodenum |
| proximal portion of the duodenum | duodenal bulb |
| portion of the small bowel following the duodenum | jejunum |
| most distal portion of the small bowel | ileum |
| valve between the small and large intestine | ileocecal valve |
| liver, gallbladder and pancreas drain into this part of the small bowel | duodenum |
| may appear feather-like on the radiograph | jejunum |
| portion of large intestine below the ileocecal valve | cecum |
| fingerlike projection at the posteromedial aspect of the cecum | appendix |
| portion of large intestine immediately above the cecum | ascending colon |
| area joining the ascending and transverse colon | hepatic flexure or right colic flexure |
| area joining the descending and transverse colon | splenic flexure or left colic flexure |
| portion of the large intestine between the ascending and descending colon | transverse |
| portion of the large intestine distal to the descending colon | sigmoid |
| final 15 cm of large intestine | rectum |
| sphincter muscle at the terminal opening of the large intestine | anus |
| spleen is located in which quadrant | LUQ |
| besides the lymphatic system, what other system is the spleen associated with? | circulatory |
| accessory digestive organ that is part of the endocrine and exocrine secretion systems | pancreas |
| hormone released by pancreas to regulate blood sugar | insulinh |
| portion of the pancreas closest the the duodenum | head |
| three parts of the pancreas | head, body, tail |
| liver is located in what quadrant | RUQ |
| function of the liver that aids in digestion | bile production |
| what does bile aid in the digestion of? | fats |
| stores extra bile | gallbladder |
| pear-shaped sac located below the liver | gallbladder |
| primary function of the gallbladder | store and concentrate bile |
| imaging modality usually requiring contrast for visualization of abdominal organs | CT, IVU, ERCP, fluoro - GI studies |
| kidney that lies more inferiorly compared to other kidney | right |
| shape of the kidneys | bean |
| kidneys transport waste to the bladder via this structure | ureter |
| right kidney sits lower than the left due to this organ | liver |
| double-walled, saclike membrane covering the adbdominal structures and organs as well as the wall of the abdominal cavity | peritoneum |
| peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal wall | parietal |
| peritoneum that adheres to the organs | visceral |
| space between parietal and visceral peritoneums | peritoneal cavity |
| abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity | ascites |
| double fold of peritoneum that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelope a loop of small bowel | mesentery |
| specific type of double fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ | omentum |
| type of omentum that extends superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver | lesser omentum |
| type of omentum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon | greater omentum |
| peritoneum that connects the colon to the posterior abdominal wall | mesocolon |
| structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall that are posterior to the peritoneum | retroperitoneal organs |
| organs located beneath the peritoneum in the true pelvis | infraperitoneal organs |
| organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum but are not posterior or inferior to the peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| liver location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| gallbladder location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| major abdoinal blood vessels location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| reproductive organs location in regards to peritoneal cavity | infraperitoneal |
| spleen location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| kidneys location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| upper rectum location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| lower rectum location in regards to peritoneal cavity | infraperitoneal |
| sigmoid colon location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| transverse colon location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| urinary bladder location in regards to peritoneal cavity | infraperitoneal |
| stomach location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| ascending and descending colon location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| ureters location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| jejunum and ileum location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| duodenum location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| pancreas location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| cecum location in regards to peritoneal cavity | intraperitoneal |
| adrenal glands location in regards to peritoneal cavity | retroperitoneal |
| top right quadrant containing liver, gallbladder, right colic flexure, dudoenum, head of pancreas, right kidney | RUQ |
| top left quadrant containing spleen, stomach, left colic flexure, tail of pancreas, left kidney | LUQ |
| bottom right quadrant containing ascending colon, appendix, cecum, 2/3 ileum and ileocecal valve | RLQ |
| bottom left quadrant containing descending colon, sigmoid colon and 2/3 jejunum | LLQ |
| abdominal region surronding belly button | umbilical |
| abdominal region immediately superior to the umbilical region | epigastric |
| abdominal region immediately inferior to the umbilical region | hypogastric |
| abdominal region to patient's right side of the umbilical region | right lateral (lumbar) |
| abdominal region to patient's left side of the umbilical region | left lateral (lumbar) |
| abdominal region to the patients left side of the epigastric region | left hypochondriac |
| abdominal region to the patients right side of the epigastric region | right hypochondriac |
| abdominal region to the patients left side of the hypogastric region | left inguinal (iliac) |
| abdominal region to the patients right side of the hypogastric region | right inguinal (iliac) |
| xyphoid tip is at this spine location | T9-T10 |
| inferior costal ribg margin is at this approximate level of the spine | L2-L3 |
| iliac crest is at this approximate level of the spine | L4-L5 |
| The greater trochanter lies at the same level as this bony landmark for abdominal positioning | symphysis pubis |
| abdominal radiographs are exposed at this point of respiration | expiration |
| to decrease chance of voluntary motion, you would ______. | decrease exposure time |
| acute abdominal series may be indicated for | bowel obstructions, ileus, intrabdominal masses, ascites, perforated hollow viscus, post op |
| telescoping of the bowel into another loop of bowel | intussusception |
| twisting of a loop of intestine creating an obstruction | volvulus |
| chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall; most common in young adults and characterized by loops of small bowel joined by fistulas or connected openings with adjacent loops of intestine | crohn's |
| most common cause of mechanically based obstruction | fibrous adhesions |
| non mechanical bowel obstruction | ileus |
| chronic disease involving inflammation of the colon | ulcerative colitis |
| in addition to supine and erect or decubitis abdomen, this view may also be included on an acute abdominal series | PA chest |
| CR for AP abdomen | iliac crest |
| asthenic patients may require this for AP abdomen imaging | two lengthwise films |
| hypersthenic patients may require this for AP abdomen imaging | two crosswise films |
| SID for abdominal imaging | 40 inches |
| normal orientation for abdominal x-rays | lengthwise |
| kV range for AP abdomen | 70-85 |
| mAs range for AP abdomen | 15-22 |
| PA position is less desirable for abdomen due to this reason | kidneys further from the IR |
| Benefit of doing PA abdomen? | Save on gonadal dose if protocol allows; tissue compression |
| CR for PA abdomen | iliac crest |
| respiration for PA abdomen | expiration |
| why do a LLD? | demonstrate free air in area of liver away from gastric bubble |
| how long should patient lie on their side to allow air fluid levels to settle | min 5 minutes but 10-20 minutes preferred |
| pathology demonstrated on a lateral decubitis | abdominal masses, air-fluid levels and possible accumulations of intraperitoneal air |
| orientation of the film to the patient for a lateral decubitis | lengthwise |
| kV range for lateral decubitis | 70-85 |
| mAs for lateral decubits | 30 |
| CR for lateral decubitis | 2 inches above iliac crests to include diaphragm |
| Patient name ID and marker placement should be on the ______ aspect of the abdomen image | inferior |
| respiration for lateral decubitis | expiration |
| kv range for erect abdomen | 70-85 |
| mAs for erect abdomen | 30 |
| film size for erect abdomen | 14x17 lengthwise |
| SID for erect abdomen | minimum 40 inches |
| CR for erect abdomen | 2 inches above iliac crest to include diaphragm |
| to see air fluid levels on an abdomen image within the bowel, what position would you use? | erect, lateral decubitis |
| to visualize aneurysms, what abdominal position would you use? | dorsal decubitis |
| CR for dorsal decubitis | 2 inches above iliac crest if diaphragm is to be included; at the level of the iliac crest otherwise |
| respiration for dorsal decubitis | expiration |
| patient supine and left side against image receptor using a horizontal beam entering 2 inches above iliac crest- this describes what position | left dorsal decubits |
| position used to visualize prevertebral region | lateral or dorsal decubitis |
| CR for lateral abdomen | 2 inches above iliac crest if diaphragm is to be included; at the iliac crest otherwise |
| SID for lateral abdomen | 40 inches |
| kV range for lateral abdomen | 70-85 |
| kV for dorsal decubitis | 70-85 |
| respiration for lateral abdomen | expiration |
| to reduce scatter on a lateral image, what would you do? | collimate and use lead blocker behind patient |
| what positions may be utilized for location of foreign bodies | AP and lateral abdomen |
| Of the positions in an acute abdominal series, what positions will best demonstrate free air | PA chest or Erect abdomen |
| Name the 7 topographic landmarks for abdominal positioning | xiphoid tip, inferior costal rib margin, iliac crest, ASIS, greater trochanter, symphysis pubis, ischial tuberosity |
| elongation of an iliac wing on an abdomen radiograph indicates what? | rotation of the abdomen toward elongated side |
| true/false - gonadal shielding should be used for abdominal radiographs of females within childbearing age | false - it will obstruct the anatomy of interest |
| what marker should be used on dorsal decubitis view of the abdomen? | decubitis marker (if available) and a left or right marker indicating which side is against the image receptor |
Created by:
hschmuck1
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