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PHM 101
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Any route other than oral, sublingual, buccal, or rectal is considered what? | Parenteral Administration route |
| What is included in the Enteral Route? | Oral,Buccal,Sublingual,Rectal * Your mouth and butt * |
| What is included in the Parenteral Route? | Intraocular,Intranasal,Inhalation,Intravenous,Intramuscular,Intradermal,Dermal,Subcutaneous,Vaginal * Everything other than mouth and butt * |
| What does intraocular stand for? | Eye |
| What does intranasal stand for? | Nose |
| What is the most frequently used route of administration? | Oral administration |
| Which dosage form generally reaches the circulatory system faster than drugs formulated in solid dosage forms? | Liquid dosage forms |
| What are tablets? | Hard formulations in which the drug and other ingredients are machine compressed under high pressure into a shape |
| What are sugar-coated tablets? | Tablets that are coated with a sweet glaze |
| What are film-coated tablets? | Tablets that are coated with a non sweet coating |
| What is a multiple compressed tablet? | Tablet containing one drug in an inner layer and another drug compressed at a lower pressure around it as an outer layer |
| What are capsules? | Capsules contain the drug and the other ingredients packaged in a gelatin shell |
| What are bulk powders? | Contain the active drug in a small powder paper or foil envelope... Such as goody powders |
| SR | sustained release |
| SA | sustained action |
| ER or XR | extended release |
| PA | prolonged action |
| CR | controlled release or continuous release |
| TR | time release |
| LA | long acting |
| What are solutions? | A clear liquid made up of one or more ingredients dissolved in a solvent |
| What are syrups? | Concentrated or nearly saturated solutions of sucrose in water |
| What are nonaqueous solutions? | Solutions which predominately contain solvents other than water, either alone or in addition to water |
| What are elixirs? | Clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use |
| What are spirits or essences? | Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances with alcohol contents. Used as flavoring agents |
| What are tinctures? | Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of nonvolatile substances |
| What are suspensions? | Formulations in which the drug does not completely dissolve in the solvent |
| What are emulsions? | Mixture of 2 liquids that do not mix with each other |
| What are gels? | Made using substances called gelling agents that increase the viscosity of the medium in which they are placed |
| What is the best know example of a sublingual tablet formation? | Nitroglycerin |
| What are drugs administered via the rectum for? | Either for a local effect or to avoid degradation after oral administration |
| What are the disadvantages of giving formulations by parenteral routes? | Cost. Require skilled personnel to administer them. Most difficult to remove the dose if there is an adverse or toxic reaction |
| What are intravenous injections? | Administered directly into veins |
| What are subcutaneous injections? | Administered into the subcutaneous tissue of the skin |
| What are intramuscular injections? | Administered into muscle tissue and generally result in a slower onset but longer duration of action compared to IV administration |
| What are intradermal injections? | Administered into the top layer of skin at a slight angle using short needles |
| How long does it take for intravenously administered drugs to circulate throughout the body? | 20 seconds |
| What does TPN stand for? | Total Parenteral Nutrition |
| How are dry powder formulations used? | Manufactured for intravenous use but they must be reconstituted with a suitable diluent to make a liquid formulation |
| What are the main parts of a syringe from top to bottom? | Syringe Plunger. Syringe Barrel. Needle |
| What are the volumes that can be given intramuscularly in the deltoid and thigh muscles? | 2 ml |
| What are the volumes that can be given intramuscularly in the gluteus maximus? | Up to 5 ml |
| What route is used for both long term and short term therapies? | Subcutaneous Route |
| What is the maximum amount of medication that can be given subcutaneously? | 2 ml |
| What is the most common drug given subcutaneously? | Insulin |
| What is the maximum amount of medication that can be given intradermally? | 0.1 ml |
| What is the problem of ophthalmic administration? | Immediate loss of a dose by natural spillage from the eye |
| How much of the dose will be lost from the eye by overflow? | 80% |
| What are most ophthalmic solutions and suspensions dispensed in? | Eye dropper bottles |
| What can be used to deliver ophthalmic dosages other than solutions and suspensions? | Contact lenses and soluble inserts |
| Why is the nasal cavity used most? | Because it has a capacity of about 20 ml, a very large surface area of absorption, and a very rich blood supply |
| Where are inhalation dosage form intended to deliver drugs to? | Pulmonary systen - Lungs |
| What does MDI stand for? | Metered Dose Inhaler which is an inhaler that has fixed dose levels |
| What are adapters and spacers? | Inhaler device to assist patients who cannot coordinate breathing in and actuation of the aerosol |
| What are dry powder inhalers? | Powder form using inhalation device |
| What are nebulizers? | Device which breaks a liquid up into a spray |
| What is the largest and heaviest organ in the body? | The skin |
| What are most dermal dosage forms used for? | Local effects on or within the skin |
| What are formulations for the vaginal administration route? | Solutions,Powders for solutions,Ointments,Creams,Aerosol foams,Suppositories,Tablets,IUDs |
| What is TSS? | Toxic Shock Syndrome which is caused when bacteria natural to the vagina move into the bloodstream. Symptoms are high fever,nausea,skin rash,faintness,muscle ache |
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Tara3184
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