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Psych 10 Midterm 1
1st Midterm Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structuralism | An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |
| Functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function -- how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but now with (2) |
| Humanistic Psychology | Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes |
| nature-nurture issue | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |
| Natural Selection | The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| Levels of Analysis | The different complementary views, from biological to psychological o social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
| Basic Research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Counseling Psychology | A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| Clinical Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well and psychological therapy |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| Critical Thinking | Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluations evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generations to the next |
| Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles and organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| Operational Definition | A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. Ex- human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures |
| Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations. to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
| Case Study | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| Survey | A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
| Population | All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
| Random Sample | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together |
| Correlation Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |
| Scatterplots | a graphed cluster of dots |
| Illusory Correlation | The perception of a relationship where none exists |
| Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants |
| Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance |
| Double-blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
| Placebo Effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment the group that is exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable |
| Control Group | In an experiment |
| Independent Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| Dependent Variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable |
| Mode | The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
| Mean | The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
| Median | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it |
| Range | The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| Normal Curve | A symmetrical |
| Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
| Biological Psychology | A Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
| Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
| Sensory Neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
| Interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
| Dendrite | The bushy branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| Axon | The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
| Myelin Sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons, enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
| Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| Synapse | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a |
| Reuptake | A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| Endorphins | "morphine within" -- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| Nervous System | The body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
| Nerves | Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connection the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system) |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
| Reflex | A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| Endocrine System | The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
| Adrenal Glands | A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| Pituitary Gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
| Lesion | Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is naturally or experimentally caused destructions of brain tissue |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
| PET (Positron Emission tomography) Scan | A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain perms a given task |
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | A technique that uses magnetic fields ad radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy |
| fMRI (Functional MRI) | A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, fMRI scans show brain function |
| Brainstem | The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions |
| Medulla | The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
| Reticular Formation | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| Thalamus | The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| Cerebellum | The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |
| Limbic System | Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives |
| Amygdala | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion |
| Hypothalamus | A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
| Cerebral Cortex | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center |
| Glial Cells (Glia) | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons |
| Frontal Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
| Parietal Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position |
| Occipital Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields |
| Temporal Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, eat receiving information primarily from the opposite ear |
| Motor Cortex | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
| Sensory Cortex | Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
| Association Areas | Area of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking |
| Plasticity | The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing and after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
| Neurogenesis | The formation of new neurons |
| Corpus Callosum | The large band of neural fibers connection the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
| Split Brain | A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them |
| Sensation | The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Perception | The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| Bottom-Up Processing | Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain;s integrations of sensory information |
| Top-Down Processing | Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| Psychophysics | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| Signal Detection Theory | A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detections depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness |
| Subliminal | Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| Difference Threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference |
| Weber's Law | The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
| Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Transduction | Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensations, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret |
| Wavelength | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. |
| Hue | The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth |
| Intensity | The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
| Pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Iris | A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| Retina | The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that behind the processing of visual information |
| Accommodation | The process by which the eye's lends changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral an twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
| Cones | Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and the function in daylight or in well it conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Blind Spot | The point at which the optic nerves leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| Fovea | The central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster |
| Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement |
| Parallel Processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving |
| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (3 color) theory | The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors -- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue -- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color |
| Opponent- Process Theory | The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. Ex- some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green |
| Audition | The sense of act of hearing |
| Frequency | The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| Pitch | A tone's experiences highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
| Middle Ear | The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
| Cochlea | A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
| Inner Ear | The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
| Place Theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
| Frequency Theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
| Conduction Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness |
| Cochlear Implant | A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| Kinesthesis | The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
| Gate-Control Theory | The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers |
| Sensory Interaction | The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| Gestalt | An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized out tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
| Figure-Ground | The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
| Grouping | The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
| Depth Perception | The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
| Visual Cliff | A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
| Binocular Cues | Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes |
| Retinal Disparity | A binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brains computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object |
| Monocular Cues | Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
| Phi Phenomenon | An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Perceptual Constancy | Perceiving object as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change |
| Color Constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
| Perceptual Adaptation | In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaces or even inverted visual field |
| Perceptual Set | A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Human Factors Psychology | A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| Parapsychology | The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences |
| Classical Learning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Ex. An animal that has learned that tone predicts food might then learn that light p |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occur in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Operant Chamber | In operant conditioning research, a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such a food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response. strengthens the response |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as on that satisfies a biological need |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; secondary reinforce |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response, only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Fixed-Ration Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Ex- after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so the brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system - Ex. by extracting meaning |
| Storage | The retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information of memory storage |
| Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short-Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Long-Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such a word meanings |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Visual Encoding | The encoding of picture images |
| Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| Semantic Encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Imagery | Mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 weeks |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Amnesia | The loss of memory |
| Implicit Memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection (non declarative memory) |
| Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory) |
| Hippocampus | A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a flu-in-the-blank test |
| Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| Déjà vu | That series sense that "I've experiences this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Repression | In psychoanalysis theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Source Amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories |
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