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Chapter 2 Test
PSY 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurons | individual cell that is the smallest unit of the nervous system |
| Dendrites | short fibers that branch out from the cell body and pick up incoming messages |
| Axon | single long fiber extending from the cell body; it carries outgoing messages |
| Myelin Sheath | white fatty covering on axons |
| Sensory Neurons | neurons that carry incoming messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain |
| Motor Neurons | neurons that carry from spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands |
| Interneurons | neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another |
| Mirror Neurons | specialized neurons that respond when we observe others perform behavior or express an emotion |
| Glial Cells | cells that insulate and support neurons; provide nourishment, remove waste and form myelin sheath |
| Neural Impulse | firing of a nerve cell |
| Resting Potential | electrical charge across a neuron membrane resulting from more positive ions concentrated on the outside and more negative ions on the inside |
| Threshold of Excitation | level an impulse must exceed to cause a neuron to fire |
| All-or-None law | principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; either the neuron fires at full strength or it does not fire at all |
| Synaptic Space | tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron |
| Terminal Button | structure at the end of an axon terminal branch |
| Receptor Sites | locations on a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into a lock |
| Neural Plasticity | the ability of the brain to change in response to experience |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | division of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and brain |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | division of the nervous system that connects the the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| Somatic Division | carries information to the CNS from the senses and from the CNS to the skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Division | regulates internal environment; carries information from the CNS to organs, blood vessels and glands |
| Medulla | structure in the hindbrain that controls essential life support functions including breathing, heart rate and blood pressure |
| Cerebellum | structure in the hindbrain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body's movements |
| Midbrain | contains thalamus, hypothalamus and reticular formation ... region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; hearing, sight and one of the places pain is registered |
| Thalamus | forebrain region that relays and translates incoming messages from the sense receptors, EXCEPT smell "Relay station" |
| Hindbrain | area that contains the medulla, pons and cerebellum |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior |
| Limbic System | ring of structures that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior |
| Frontal Lobe | coordinate messages from other cerebral lobes; involved in complex problem-solving tasks |
| Parietal Lobe | receives sensory information from sense receptors all over the body; also involved in spatial abilities |
| Temporal Lobe | involved in complex visual tasks; balance; regulates emotions; strong role in understanding language |
| Occipital Lobe | receives and processes visual information |
| Spinal Cord | runs down the spine, connecting the brain to the rest of the body "Communication Superhighway" |
| Endocrine Glands | tissues that produce and release horomones |
| Hormones | chemical substances released by glands to regulate bodily activities |
| Pineal Gland | located in the center of brain; regulates activity levels |
| Thyroid Gland | controls metabolic rates; located below voice box; produce thyroxin |
| Parathyroids | four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid |
| Pituitary Gland | gland located on the underside of the brain; it produces the largest number of the body's hormones |
| Pancreas | organ lying between the stomach & small intestine secretes insulin & glucagon to regulate blood-sugar levels |
| Adrenal Glands | two endocrine glands located just above the kidneys |
| Gonads | reproductive glands .. testes in males and ovaries in females |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | 23 chromosomes (1 being largest; 23 being smallest) |
| Dominant Genes | member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of certain traits |
| Recessive Genes | member of a gene pair that can control the appearance of a certain trait ONLY IF IT IS paired w/another recessive gene |
| Polygenic Inheritance | process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait; responsible for most important traits |
| Genotype | an organism's entire unique genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | the characteristics of an organism; determined by both genetics and experience |
| Strain Studies | studies of the heritability behavioral traits using animals that have been inbred to produce strains that are genetically similar to one another |
| Selection Studies | studies that estimate the heritability of a trait by breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait |
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stagemngr
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