Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharm Mod 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Total knowledge of drugs | Pharmacology |
| Any chemical agent that affects living processes that produces 1)physiological change 2)biological change 3)decrease in pop. of resident or invading micoorganisms 4)decrease in abnormal tissue development | Drug |
| Study of effect of drugs in man (as compared to animals or comparative pharmacology) | Clinical Pharmacology |
| Emphasizes the disease state and its characteristics including therapy for and use of drugs in prevention & treatment of condition | Pharmacotherapeutics |
| Drugs used to destory or eliminate pathogenic cells or organisms.The termed is usually restricted to anti-infectives and cancer chemotherapy | Chemotherapeutic agents |
| Deals with the toxic effects of drugs | Toxicology |
| The relative toxicity of a drug is expressed as the ____ which is the ratio of the dose capable of killing 50% of animals(LD50) over that required to achiece a beneficial effect in 50% of the animals(ED50) | Therapeutic index |
| hyporactivity that occurs from chronic exposure to a drug meaning larger does to get the same effect (body has gotten use to drug) | Tolerance |
| ___ ___ is tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to another drug usually develops among drugs within the same particular class | Cross-Tolerance |
| An increase in dose may also be needed if, on continued use of a drug there is a decrease in th number or sensitivity or receptror sites( means when the receptors of a cell are continually exposed to an agonist the cell usually becomes less responsive) | Down Regulation |
| An increasse in dose may be needed because of an increase in rate of elimination of the drugs | Enzyme induction |
| What is it called when drugs that block receptors can cause the body to increase the number or sensitivity | up regulation |
| Tolerance that develops acutely with onley a doses of a drug(e.g ephedrine) (meaning a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time) | Tachyphylaxis |
| Describes an unexpected abnormal or peculiar rxn to a drug (ex. drug is for sleeping but patient gets excited and experiences sleep insomnia) | Idiosyncrasy |
| Usually describes any action of the drug other than the desired therapeutic effect | Side Effect |
| is defined by WHO as any noxious, unintended and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug dose (ex, severe constipation) | Adverse Effect |
| _____ effect is the effect(usually expected) produced by a large doses of the drug and may require decreasing the dose or stopping the drug. | Toxic |
| A combination of drugs which, when used together, result in a total effect less than than the sum of the combination | Antagonism |
| passed in 1938 by (FDA)it was the first legislation to address drug safety | Food,Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938 |
| This legislation set rules for the manufacture and distribution of drugs considered to have the potential for abuse. | Controlled Substances Act 1970 |
| Nonproprietary name that is selected by the U.S. Adopted Name(USAN) Council | Generic |
| Brand name, or proprietary name is designated and coyrighted by the drug company | Trade name |
| _____ drugs are those useful in treating rare disease or nonpatentable entities | Orphan |
| before meals | ac |
| gram | g |
| at bedtime | hs |
| intravenous | IV |
| milligram | mg |
| right eye | OD |
| both eyes | OU |
| my mouth | PO |
| two times a day | bid |
| hour | h |
| intramuscular | IM |
| microgram | mcg |
| milliliter | mL |
| left eye | OS |
| as required | prn |
| every-hours | Q-h |
| at once | Stat |
| 3x a day | tid |
| 4x a day | qid |
| tablet | tab |
| The quantitative study of the absorption, distribution, metabolis and excretion of drugs and their metabolites (simply what the body does to the drug) | Pharmacokinetics |
| Primary method of passage of drugs plasma membrane | passive diffusion |
| is characterized by selectivity, competitive inhibition by congeners, a requirement for energy, saturability, and movement against electrochemical gradiant.It is the primary transport system for water-soluble drugs | Active transport |
| is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the the blood | Absorption |
| Drugs may be metabolized by enymes in the gut or gut wall. When absorbed from the GI tract, drugs first to the liver via portal veins where some drugs are extensively metabolized before reaching systemic circulation | First pass effect |
| The amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation is called | Bioavailability |
| is a transmembrane protein that transports a wide variety of drugs out of cells (tend to eliminate drugs)found in the blood-brain barrier, kidneys, and gut wall. Can be inhibited by quinidine and cyclosporine | P-glycoprotein |
| is the movement of drugs throughout the body | Distribution |
| _____ drugs are not active but ___ drugs are | bound, free |
| Clients with _____ (clients with severe burns, liver disease, kidney failure) may respond excessively to usual dose of a drug that is highly bound(bc they do not make enough albumine to attach to the drug to make inactive) | Hypoalbuminemia |
| A hypothetical quantitative estimation of drug distribution | volume of distribution |
| Most drugs that are handled by the body by _____ that is the rate of elimination is proportional to concentration (i.e the hight the conc. the faster the drug is eliminated) | 1st order reactions |
| When the rate is independent of conc. but the time it takes to eliminate the drug is conc. dependent | Zero order |
| The time required for the amt. of a drug in the body to decrease by 50% | Half Life |
| is the time it takes for the plasma conc. to be reduced by 50% during the elimination phase | Plasma elimination half-life |
| serum conc. is reached when the rate of drug absorption is equal to its rate of elimination | Steady state |
| enzymatic alteration of drug structure | Metabolism (Biotransformation) |
| Primary purpose of ______ is to change lipid soluble active compounds(which are not readily eliminated from the body) to water-soluble inactive compounds that can easily be excreted | Metabolism |
| Most drug metabolism that takes place in the liver is performed by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system is also known as | Cytochrome P-450 |
| Drusg are eliminated from the body eith unchanged or as metabolites | Excretion |
| a cyle in which drugs in the liver are taken up into bile,secreted back into the small intestine(via bile duct) and then reabsorbed back into the portal blood | Enterohepatic cycle |
| is a measure of the speed by which a drug leaves the body either through the liver or kidney | Clearance |
| is the study of the biochemical& physiological effects of drugs on living organisms and their mechanisms of actions (meaning what the drug does to the body) | Pharmacodynamics |
| Most drugs and endogenous compounds interact with cellular protens usally termed _,altering the function of pertinent cellular components & initiating the biochemical& physiological changes charactristic of the respone to the drug,hormone,neurotransmitter | Receptors |
| The classical explanation of _____ is that the intensity of response produced by a drug is related to the number of receptors occupied | Drug-receptor coupling |
| ability to bind to the receptor | affinity |
| sensitivity of the receptor to the drug or the ability of the druge to achieve an effect (ability of a drug to activated a receptor upon binding) | Intrinsic activity |
| Drugs may increase or decrease the absorption of agents | Altered absorption |
| Results in altered patient response to drugs without a change in drug blood level | Pharmacodynamic interactions |
| What is the FDA categoizes drug safety in pregancy | A,B,C,D,&X A is the least dangerous it gets slightly dangerous through the categories and X is the most dangerous |
| It takes about ____ or ____ doses of drug administered on the half-life for the drug to reach a plateu in plasma conc. | four or five |
| When a drug dose is changed an additional ___ to___ half lives are required to re-establish equilibrium | four to five |
| It also takes about _____(eliminination) half lives for the drug to be almost completely (96.9%) eliminated when the drug is discontinued. | Five |
| Since it takes four to five doses of a drug given a half life intervals to reach steady state, if the full therapeutic effect is needed earlier, a larger initial dose must be given called _____, which increases the risk of side/toxic effects. | Loading Dose |
| peak blood level | Cmax |
| time to reach peak blood-level | tmax |
| area under the drug conc.-time curve | AUC |
| The majority of drugs are largely metabolized in the ____ but metabolism can occur in many tissues. | Liver |
| What is the major organ for drug excretion | Kidney |
| What are the 5 consequences of Drug Metabolism | 1.Accelerated renal excretion of drugs 2.Drug inactivation 3.Increased therapeutic action 4.Activation of prodrugs 5.Increased or Decreased Toxcity |
| ____ is a compound that is pharmacologically inactive as administered and then undergoes conversion to its active form within the body | prodrug |
| ____ and ___ have decreased metabolizing capabilities. | Neonates, elderly |
| Factors that affect metabolism | -plasma protein binding -drug storage in tissues -liver function -blood flow to liver -presence of substances which induce or inhibit enzymes actitity |
| ____ is the study of the role of inheritance in the individual variation in drug response. | Pharmacogenetics |
| What are the steps for renal drug excretion | 1.Glomerular Filtration 2.Passive Tubular Reabsorption 3.Active Tubular Secretion |
| _____function is often determined by measuring serum creatinine live in the blood or creatinine clearance via the _____ | Kidney |
| binds to receptors(have affinity) and mimic at least some of the effects of endogenous compounds(have intrinsic activity or effacacy) activates receptors | Agonists |
| bind to receptors(have affinity) but produce no effect(no intrinsic activity) prevents receptor activation | Antagonists |
| have affinity and weak intrinsic activity(can act either as an agonist or antagonist) | partial agonists |
| Characteristics of important object drugs(one whose action or kinetics are altered) | 1.Narrow therapeutic index 2.Many are used chronically 3.May be metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes(P450 system) |
| is the drug causing the altered action of the object drug | Precipitant drug |
| ____ usually results in a more rapid metabolism of the object drug, decrease in blood level and decrease in drug effectiveness, object drug must be increased. | Enzyme induction |
| Important object drugs | -Aminoglycoside antibiotic,Antiarryhthmics ,Carbamazepine,Cyclosporine, Digoxin,Hypoglycemics,Lithium, Phenytoin,Theophylline,Warfarin |
| Important absorption precipitant drugs(2) | Anacids Cholestyramine |
| Important enzyme inducers precipitant drugs(4) | Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Rifampins |
| Important enzyme inhibitor precipitant drugs (5) | Cimetidine Verapamil Erthromycins Diltiazen Protease inhibitors |
| The increased sensitivity of infants is due largely to the immature state of 5 pharmacokinetic process | 1.drug absorption 2.Protein binding 3.exclustion of drugs from the central nervous system by the blood-brain barrier 4.hepatic drug metabolism 5.renal drug excretion |
| In elderely every decreases except | body fat |
| People with renal impairment should not take which drugs (5) | 1.aminoglyosides, 2.digoxin 3.lithium 4.methotrexate 5.procainamide |
| low cardic output states prolong time required for uptke and distribution of drugs as well as affect metabolism&excretion of drugs via diminished blood fow through the liver and kidneys | Cardiovascular disease |
| Early Pregancy changes that alter pharmacokinetics | increase in blood volume,cardiac output,glomerular filtration |
| The process whereby drugs accumulates on the side of the membrane where the pH most favors its ionization | Ion trapping |
| Drug of choice and is approved for treating inhalation anthrax exposure | Ciprofloxacin |
| Listed as a thyroid blocking agent in radiation emergencies | Potassium iodide |
| is used by the military if there is a threat of nerve gases such as Soman | Pyridostigmine bromide |
| If a patient is taking Procardia XL and rports seeing tablets in their stool and ask if the drug is doing any good explaine | It is a sustained release in that an insoluble transport system where the shell of the dosage form will pass in the feces |
| Controlled Sustances Act is enforced by the _____it classifies substances into schedules based on their potential for abuse and sets requirements of documentation and storage of these substances as well controls on precription orders and filling of such. | Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) |
| High abuse potential and no medical use(eg heroin | C-I (by DEA) |
| High abuse drugs and used in medicine (eg morphine). All prescriptions MUST be typed or filled out in ink or indelible pencil and signed by presriber.Oral persciptions may be made on in emergency written prescription must follow with 72hrs. NO REFILL | C-II (by DEA) |
| Drugs of less abuse potential (eg. acetaminophen with codeeine,diazepam) Prescription for drugs may be oral or written and can be refilled up to 5times. Refills must be made within 6mons of the orgiinal order | C-III and C-IV (by DEA) |
| Drugs of limited abuse potential;some may be sold by the pharmacist withough a prescription in some states. | C-V (by DEA) |
| Enteric coated to prevent disintegration in the stomack but ingredients are released in the small intestine | Tablets |
| tablets are to be placed under the tongue | sublingual tablets |
| immediate realease contains a powder or liquid | capsules |
| Contain sugar [Caution Diabetics] | syrups |
| Contain alcohol and sometimes sugar [Caution Alcholics taking Disulfiram | Elixirs |
| Must be shaken | Suspensions |
| Effervescent tablets (small usually sweetened and flavored medicated material thai is designed to be held in the mouth for slow dissolution. | Lozenges |
| powers, ointments, creams, and lotions | topical |
| are applied topically but given for systemic effect | transdermal patches |
| the phenomenon that occurs when the effects or kinetics of one drug are altered by the prior or concomintant administration of another drug | Drug-drug interaction |
| usually involves competitive or noncompetitive inhibition of metabolizing enzymes or enzyme saturation. The most common are cimetidine, ethromycin, and ketoconazole. | Enzyme inhibition |
| drugs can alter all three phases of rental excretion | altered excretion |
| result in altered patient response to drugs without a change in blood level. | Pharmodynamic interactions |
| are characterized by additive CNS depressio; additive anicholinergic effect; additive cardiac depression; increse or decrease in blood sure and diabetic drug activity, additive renal toxicity | Pharmacological interations |
| food may bind to drugs and prevent them from being absorbed, hence decreasing drug blood level (eg tatracycline and dairy products containing calcium) | food-drug interaction |
| refers to a state in which the person needs a specific drug to maintain abilities to function | dependency |
| is the use of drugs that create legal, emotional, social, and health problems for the individual | drug abuse |
| develops when the person experiences physical withdrawl symptoms when the drug wears off | physical dependence |
Created by:
ndw248
Popular Pharmacology sets