Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CMB-Chapter 12
CMB - Chapter 12 - Basic Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy is | the art of exploring the structure & position of body parts & their relationship to one another |
| Physiology is | the study of the function of those body parts |
| Homeostasis is | the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even when subjected to fluctuating environmental conditions |
| There are ? bones in the body. | 206 |
| arthr/o | joint |
| cartilage | tissue that protects the ends of the bones by creating a smooth surface facilitating motion |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| costa, costal | ribs |
| deposition | process by which bone is made by osteoblasts |
| ligaments | connective tissue that connects bone to bone |
| ossi-, oste/o | bone |
| osteoblast | cell responsible for making or forming bone |
| osteoclast | cell responsible for breaking down old bone tissue |
| osteocyte | an osteoblast that has been converted into a bone cell to form bone |
| remodeling | process by which the body recycles old bone |
| resorption | process by which bone is destroyed by osteoclasts |
| tendon | tissue that connects muscles to bone |
| gout | condition created by a buildup of uric acid in joints & tendons that promotes an inflammatory reaction resulting in sudden & excruciating pain |
| ostealgia | any pain in the bones |
| osteoarthritis | load-bearing disorder in which cartilage is worn away resulting in joint inflammation caused by the repeated bone to bone contact |
| osteoporosis | a thinning of the bones making the bones more brittle & more susceptible to fracture |
| rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder in which cartilage is destroyed, resulting in joint inflammation, pain, weakness, fatigue, & stiffness |
| sprain | injury to a joint usually caused by the overuse or overstraining of the joint, resulting in stretching of the ligaments |
| strain | injury to a muscle, tendon or ligament resulting in overextension or overstretching |
| ? & ? are used to decrease any further breakdown of bone by osteoclasts. | Bisphosphonates & Calcitonin |
| ? is a med that works by stimulating mostly osteoblasts | Teriparatide |
| Our bodies contain ?, ?, & ? muscles. | skeletal, smooth & cardiac |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | system that controls involuntary muscles |
| cardiac muscle | type of muscle tissue found in the heart that is controlled involuntarily & functions by constantly pumping oxygenated blood to tissues & organs |
| involuntary | automatic |
| my/o | muscle |
| sarc/o | flesh, muscle |
| skeletal muscle | muscle under voluntary control, biceps |
| smooth muscle | muscle controlled involuntarily, digestive tract muscles |
| somatic nervous system (SoNS) | nervous system that controls voluntary muscles |
| spasm | involuntary muscle contraction |
| tendon | connects muscle to bone |
| myalgia | muscle pain or tenderness |
| myasthenia gravis | condition characterized by chronic fatigue & muscle weakness |
| myosclerosis | abnormal hardening of muscle tissue |
| rhabdomyolysis | adverse effect of muscle weakening caused by several medications used to treat high cholesterol |
| ? is commonly used in surgery to prevent muscle contractions during operations. | Succinylcholine |
| ? & ? are toxic substances that cause muscle weakening & paralysis. | Curare & botulin |
| meds like ? stimulate skeletal muscle cells | edrophonium |
| ? is a smooth muscle antagonist which may cause constipation, used in IBS. | Dicyclomine |
| ? is a smooth muscle agonist which may cause diarrhea, used for urinary retention. | Bethanechol |
| ? is a beta-blocker which relaxes the heart muscle, used in hypertension, which relaxes the heart muscle. | Metoprolol |
| ? is a beta-agonist which works by stimulating the heart to pump oxygenated blood to body organs & tissues, is used in end stage heart failure & shock. | Dobutamine |
| BP is determined by the contraction & relaxation of the | ventricles |
| ventricles contract = | systolic phase/pressure |
| ventricles relax = | diastolic phase/pressure |
| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
| artery | blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to body cells & tissues |
| capillaries | very small blood vessels where oxygen from RBCs are exchanged for carbon dioxide |
| cardi/o | heart |
| cardiology | study of the structures, functions, & disorders of the heart |
| cholesterol | type of lipid that circulates in the blood & can form plaque that can block blood vessels |
| erythrocyte | rbc that transports oxygen to body tissues & organs |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood |
| hemoglobin | an iron containing protein found in RBCs that carries oxygen from the lungs to body organs & tissues, & carries carbon dioxide from the body organs & tissues to the lungs for exhalation |
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | good cholesterol |
| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | bad cholesterol |
| myocardial | muscle of the heart |
| anemia | a reduction in the # of RBCs & hemoglobin |
| angina | chest pain but not as severe as a heart attack |
| arrhythmia | irregular heartbeat |
| arteriosclerosis | condition in which artery walls become thick & stiff |
| bradycardia | decreased heart rate |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | condition in which the heart fails to pump blood efficiently |
| edema | also known as hypervolemia, in which an excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the body |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the heart muscle; usually caused by bacteria |
| hemorrhage | bleeding due to trauma or a wound |
| hypertension | chronic high blood pressure; diagnosed as greater than 140/90 |
| ischemic heart disease (IHD) | obstruction of the blood supplied to the heart due to a buildup of lipids or fat in the arteries |
| leukemia | cancer in the bone marrow which prevents the formation of functional white & red blood cells |
| myocardial infarction | damage to the heart muscle; heart attack |
| stroke | serious neurological condition, caused by a decrease of oxygen supplied to the brain that can result in weakness, loss of control over muscles, difficulty speaking, &/or death |
| tachycardia | a rapid heart rate |
| typical drug classes used to treat hypertension | ACE-I, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, & diuretics |
| anticoagulation | preventing clotting of the blood |
| antithrombin | a naturally occurring protein stimulated by certain medications to counteract the effects of thrombin resulting in anticoagulant |
| coagulation | clotting of the blood |
| fibrin | protein formed from the conversion of fibrinogen which acts by forming a net to stabilize the platelet plug, thus forming a thrombus or clot |
| fibrinogen | substance converted to fibrin by the direct stimulation of thrombin |
| plasmin | enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin, resulting in anticoagulation |
| plasminogen | substance converted to plasmin by the direct stimulation of the thrombolytic drug class |
| platelet | small blood cell responsible for forming a platelet plug during blood coagulation |
| platelet activation | 2nd step in the formation of a platelet plug in which a platelet changes its shape to better form the platelet plug while exposing IIb/IIIa receptors |
| platelet adhesion | 1st step in the formation of a platelet plug in which a platelet sticks to a damaged area on an artery |
| platelet aggregation | 3rd step in the formation of a platelet plug in which platelets stick to each other by binding to IIb/IIIa receptors thus forming a stable platelet plug |
| prothrombin | substance converted to thrombin by the stimulation of the cofactor complex of factors Va and Xa |
| thrombin (factor IIa) | a major protein responsible for blood coagulation that works in the clotting cascade & also stimulates platelet activation |
| thrombocyte | also known as a platelet |
| thrombus | a blood clot |
| Von Willebrand factor (vWf) | substance exposed on a damaged artery surface that allows platelets to stick to & begin the formation of a platelet plug |
| deep vein thromboembolism (DVT) | condition characterized by abnormal clotting usually in leg arteries in which the leg may appear red, swollen, & painful |
| embolism | an object, such as a blood clot, which dislodges & travels through the bloodstream until it blocks a smaller blood vessel, thereby cutting off blood flow |
| peripheral artery disease (PAD) | condition characterized by a decreased blood supply to arms &/or legs |
| pulmonary embolism (PE) | condition characterized by the dislodging of a portion of blood clot, which travels to the lungs & causes difficulty breathing |
| thrombus | a blood clot that blocks blood flow |
| venous thromboembolism (VTE) | a general term that encompasses deep vein thromboembolism (DVTs) & pulmonary embolism (PE) |
| Apnea | An absence of spontaneous respiration |
| Asphyxia | Abnormal or pathologic changes caused by an absence of oxygen |
| Aspiration | The act of inhaling a foreign substance into the lungs often after vomiting |
| Dyspnea | Shortness of breath |
| Expiration | the act of breathing out as the diaphragm relaxes |
| Histamine (H1) | a chemical released by mast cells during an allergen reaction which may cause symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, wheezing, and watery eyes |
| Hyperventilation | a condition characterized by rapid breathing, resulting in decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased oxygen levels, producing faintness, tingling of the fingers and toes, and possibly loss of consciousness |
| Inhalation | The act of breathing in as the diaphragm contracts |
| Respiratory rate | also known as breaths per minute, which is an important numeric value used for diagnosing respiratory conditions |
| Rhinorrhea | An excessive flow of mucus from the nose (runny nose) |
| Allergic rhinitis | nasal inflammation characterized by an increased flow of mucus; caused by allergies |
| Asthma | breathing disorder, often triggered by allergies or exercise, resulting in constriction of the bronchi. Asthma is often accompanied by tightness in the chest, coughing, wheezing and difficulty in breathing. |
| Chronic bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by an infection in which the patient has a productive cough and may have difficulty getting sufficient oxygen. Some patients with bronchitis may have a bluish tint to lips or skin |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | condition characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis, usually caused by smoking, resulting in difficulty breathing and increased risk of infection. |
| Cystic fibrosis | Genetic disorder affecting mostly Caucasian populations, where excessive amounts of thick mucus blocks the airways, resulting in wheezing, coughing, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. |
| Emphysema | A condition characterized by shortness of breath, usually caused by smoking. Some patients may have a pinkish tint to the face and may often gasps for air |
| Influenza (flu) | An acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, which is spread by coughing, sneezing and sharing items such as food utensils |
| Laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx (voice box), resulting in temporary inability to speak normally |
| Lung Cancer | Disorder in which non-functional cells (or tumors) are produced in the lungs. Lung cancer is usually caused by smoking |
| Pertussis | A contagious bacterial infection, resulting in a loud, deep coughing; also known as whooping cough |
| Pharyngitis | Inflammation of the pharynx (or throat) |
| Pneumonia | Disease of the lungs characterized by inflammation of the lungs and congestion; often caused by bacteria or viruses |
| Sinusitis | Infection and inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses |
| Tonsillitis | Infection and inflammation of the tonsils |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | (ICS) used for respiratory conditions |
| oral corticosteroids | used for respiratory conditions |
| short acting beta agonists | (SABA) used for respiratory conditions |
| long acting beta agonists | (LABA) used for respiratory conditions |
| short acting anticholinergics | (SA AC) used for respiratory conditions |
| long acting anticholinergics | (LA AC) used for respiratory conditions |
| Allergen | Any substance capable of causing an allergic response |
| Allergy | An altered reaction of body tissues in response to an allergen that affects some people who are sensitive to that allergen, but not others |
| Antigen | A substance such as a bacterium or a virus, which the body recognizes as foreign |
| Antibody | A protein produced by the immune system that targets a specific antigen to inhibit it from invading the body cells and tissues |
| Antibiotic | A medication that is used to stop the growth of bacteria but is not effective in viral infections |
| Antiviral | A medication used to treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity |
| Antihistamine | A medication that blocks histamine, a type of allergen that is produced by white blood cells, to control allergic reactions |
| Bacteria | Name given to a group of single-celled microorganisms. Some bacteria can be helpful while others can be harmful to the body |
| Immunosuppressant | A medication that prevents or reduces the immune system's defensive actions that usually protect the body from invasion by foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses; a type of medication often used by patients who have had organ transplants or cert |
| Infection | Invasion of the body by a bacterium or virus |
| Inflammation | A localized response to injured tissue, usually causing heat, pain, redness, and swelling |
| Leukocyte | A white blood cell which functions by fighting infections |
| Pathogen | A microorganism (bacteria or virus) that can cause a disease |
| Virus | A microorganism that invades body cells and replicates itself to eventually invade or spread to neighboring tissues |
| Cellulitis | Bacterial infection common on the legs, usually caused by strep or staph infections |
| Chickenpox | A highly contagious acute viral disease characterized by fever and pustules on the skin |
| Hepatitis A and E | Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, usually acquired by consuming contaminated food or water |
| Hepatitis B and C | Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses usually acquired by unprotected sex, IV drug abuse, or passed from the mother to child during pregnancy |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | A virus that targets specific white blood cells (CD4 white blood cells) resulting in compromised immunity. Untreated HiV infections may lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
| Lymphoma | Cancer in the lymph nodes which results in decreased immunity and increased susceptibility to infection |
| Lupus | An autoimmune disorder usually characterized by a decrease in blood cells, arthritis, and skin abnormalities, especially on the face (butterfly rash) |
| Measles | Highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and small red spots with blue-white centers that appear on the skin and inside the mouth |
| Mumps | Anacute viral disease characterized by swelling of the salivary glands |
| Ringworm | A type of fungal infection characterized by a raised red ring on the skin |
| Shingles | A painful inflammation of nerve cells, usually on the trunk of the body, caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox, which may occur many years or decades after exposure to the virus |
| Medications that kill bacteria are referred to as | bactericidal |
| Medications that inhibit the growth of bacteria are referred to as | bacteriostatic |
| Medications that inhibit cell wall formation are referred to as | bactericidal |
| Medications that work on protein synthesis are referred to as | bacteriostatic |
| Absorption | Movement of a drug, nutrient, or water from the intestines into the circulatory system (or bloodstream) |
| ADME | Acronym that describes how the drug moves into and out of the body. "A" = absorption, "D" = distribution, "M" = metabolism, and "E" = excretion |
| Antiemetic | A medication used for motion sickness that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting |
| Bile | A fluid secreted by the liver that aids in the digestion of fats |
| Carbohydrate | One of three major nutrients obtained from the diet and used for energy. Carbohydrates are found in bread, milk, fruits and vegetables. Simple sugars are the building block for carbohydrates. TPNs often contain carbohydrates in the form of dextrose. |
| Chief cells | Cells located in the digestive tract that secrete pepsinogen which is then converted to pepsin to aid in the digestion of proteins |
| Colon | The large intestine |
| Colonoscopy | direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon. |
| Cyclooxygenase (COX) | Enzyme responsible for the formation of prostaglandins and the site that is inhibited by several pain medications including NSAIDs. |
| Digestion | The breakdown and dissolving of food into smaller particles. |
| Distribution | The process of carrying the drug through the body to its site of action. |
| Enter/o | Intestine |
| Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell | Cell located in the digestive tract which release histamine to stimulate parietal cells thus increasing the amount of stomach acid produced. |
| Excretion | The process of expelling waste from the body by urination or defecation. |
| Fat | One of three major nutrients obtained from the diet and used for energy. Fats are found in meats, butter, oils, etc. Fatty acids are the building block of fats. TPNs often contain fats in the form of a milky white Intralipid fat emulsion. |
| G cells | Cells located in the digestive tract which secrete gastrin which stimulates ECL cells and parietal cells thus increasing the amount of stomach acid produced. |
| Gastrin | Hormone responsible for stimulating parietal and ECL cells to increase the amount of stomach acid produced. |
| Gastr/o | Stomach |
| Goblet cells | Cells located in the digestive tract responsible for secreting mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract from stomach acid |
| Hepat/o | Liver |
| Histamine | Substance secreted by ECL cells which stimulates H2 receptors on parietal cells resulting in an increase in stomach acid secretion. |
| Laxative | A medication used to stimulate elimination of waste products from the colon, or large intestine. |
| Metabolism | A set of chemical reactions that occur within organisms in order to create energy and maintain tissues. Breaking down large molecules releases energy that is then used to build cells and proteins. The processes included in metabolism are also responsible |
| Mucous | Term that refers to membranes that secrete mucus. |
| Mucus | Substance secreted by mucous membranes and goblet cells that functions to protect the digestive tract from stomach acid. |
| Or/o | Mouth |
| Parietal cells | Cells located in the digestive tract responsible for directly secreting stomach acid. H2As and PPIs work on these cells to treat GERD and heartburn. |
| Pepsin | Enzyme formed from pepsinogen which aids in the digestion of proteins. |
| Pepsinogen | Substance secreted by chief cells which converts into pepsin in the presence of stomach acid. |
| Peristalsis | Contractions of the smooth muscle in the GI tract that propel or move food down the GI tract. |
| Prostaglandin | Substance secreted by COX which protects the digestive tract lining by stimulating mucus production |
| Protein | One of three major nutrients obtained from the diet. Proteins are found in meats, eggs, beans, milk, etc. Amino acids are the building block of proteins. TPNs often contain protein in the form of Aminosyn. |
| Proton pump | A pump located in parietal cells which secretes stomach acid when parietal cells are stimulated |
| Sublingual | Under the tongue. |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | A large volume IV bag given to patients who cannot consume food (NPO) or nutritional formula (like Ensure) for a prolonged period of time. TPNs contain major nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), along with electrolytes and vitamins |
| the three major nutrients are | carbohydrates, proteins, & fats |
| Cirrhosis | A hardening of the liver caused by alcohol abuse and hepatitis. |
| Colon cancer | Tumor growth in the colon. Patients should be screened for colon cancer by having a colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50 (unless at high risk.) |
| Constipation | A condition in which the colon has difficulty eliminating waste products. |
| Diarrhea | Abnormal frequency of loose or watery discharge from the colon that can result in dehydration |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) | Disease in which the contents of the stomach are pushed or refluxed back into the esophagus. GERD is commonly characterized by heartburn |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, bacterial infections, continuous exposure to alcohol or drugs, or an autoimmune disorders, often resulting in compromised or decreased immunity and decreased overall liver function. |
| Hyperglycemia | An abnormally high concentration of sugar in the blood. |
| Hypoglycemia | A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of sugar in the blood resulting in weakness, fatigue and irritability and possibly hypoglycemic coma. |
| Hyperlipidemia | Excessive amount of fats in the blood; also known as high cholesterol, which can clog blood vessels, especially those of the heart |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | A chronic condition characterized by muscle spasms in the intestines and abdominal pain that may be accompanied by constipation or diarrhea. |
| Liver disease | Hardening of the liver often caused by excessive alcohol consumption |
| Ulcers | Open sores or lesions in the GI tract usually in the stomach or intestines that result in pain, inflammation, and/or bleeding |
| Chief cells secrete | Pepsinogen |
| Cyclooxygenases (COX) secrete | Prostaglandin |
| Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells secrete | Histamine |
| G cells secrete | Gastrin |
| Goblet cells secrete | Mucus |
| Parietal cells secrete | Stomach acid |
| Adrenal gland | Gland just above the kidney that releases hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, aldosterone, etc. |
| Aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that works primarily in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney to increase sodium and water reabsorption thus increasing blood pressure. |
| Angiotensin I | Substance released from the liver which is converted to angiotensin II by ACE. |
| Angiotensin II | Potent vasoconstrictor formed from angiotensin that works by directly constricting arteries and activating aldosterone. |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) | Enzyme produced in the lungs which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Hormone released by the posterior pituitary that works in the collecting ducts of the kidney to reabsorb water. |
| Glomerulus | a collection of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron responsible for filtration of waste from the blood to form urine. |
| Nephron | The functional unit of the kidney consisting of the glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting ducts. Several medications work in the nephron to lower blood pressure. |
| Ren/o, ren/i | Kidney |
| Renal | Pertaining to the kidneys. |
| Renin | Enzyme released in response to a decrease in blood pressure that stimulates the liver to produce angiotensin I. |
| Uresis, -uresis | Urination; excretion in the urine. |
| Urinalysis | The examination of the urine to determine the presence of certain substances, such as sugar, blood, etc. |
| Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) | Enlarged prostate gland characterized by difficulty urinating in males. |
| Chronic renal failure | A condition where the kidney is unable to clear or filter the blood properly. |
| Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by infection; resulting in the increased urge to urinate and burning sensation upon urinating. |
| Kidney stones | Crystals that develop in the kidneys, ureters, or urethra composed of calcium, uric acid, or other compounds; causes difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, and extreme pain. |
| Prostate cancer | tumor growth in the prostate gland, usually characterized by difficulty urinating. |
| Renal disease | Disease pertaining to the kidneys usually seen in patients with diabetes and high blood pressure resulting in several complications. Renal disease also effects the blood levels of certain medications in the body. |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra which causes a burning sensation during urination. |
| Urinary tract infection (UTI) | Infection of any part of the urinary tract, usually the urethra and urinary bladder; caused by bacteria. |
| The ? is a system that acts primarily on the kidney and is where many hypertension medications work. | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) |
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | RAAS |
| Anesthetic | A medication which decreases the body's sensitivity to pain or touch |
| Anticonvulsant | A medication designed to prevent seizures or convulsions |
| Antidepressant | A medication designed to prevent or relieve depression |
| Antipsychotic | A medication used to treat severe psychiatric disorders |
| Barbiturate | A medication class which depresses the CNS, resulting in calmness or sleep |
| Cephal/o | Head |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | A clear, watery fluid produced by the brain that helps cushion the brain and the spinal cord from injury |
| Cyclooxygenase (COX) | Enzyme responsible for the formation of prostaglandins and the site that is inhibited by several pain medications including NSAIDs |
| Dopamine (DA) | A hormonal neurotransmitter released by the brain involved in various functions such as attention, memory/learning, emotional arousal, and rewarding sensations |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | The process of graphing the electrical activity of the brain |
| Encephal/o | Brain |
| Neuropathy | Any disease of the nervous system |
| Nerv/o, Nerv/i, Neur/o, Neur/i | Nerve |
| Nerve | A fibrous group of neurons that connect the brain or spinal cord to other parts of the body |
| Neuron | A specialized impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system which forms nerves |
| Norepinephrine (NE) | A hormonal neurotransmitter released by neurons in the brain and the periphery that is involved in various functions such as heartbeat, arousal, learning, memory, and appetite |
| Sedative | A medication which depresses the CNS, resulting in calmness or sleep |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | A hormonal neurotransmitter released by the brain involved in various functions such as mood, pain perception, sleep, appetite, and maintaining normal body temperature and hormonal state |
| Stimulus | Anything that excites or activates a nerve |
| Alzheimer's disease | A group of disorders associated with brain degeneration, leading to progressive memory loss and personality changes |
| Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) | A behavior disorder, usually in young children, characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness |
| Bipolar disorder | A condition characterized by irregular, alternating periods of mania and depression |
| Coma | A prolonged state of unconsciousness with no response to stimuli |
| Dementia | Slow, progressive deterioration of the brain affecting everyday activities such as memory, thinking, alertness, and reasoning |
| Depression | A mood disorder characterized by a lack of cheerfulness, dejection, loss of hope, and lack of interest in daily activities |
| Insomnia | A condition characterized by the inability to sleep; usually caused by depression, pain, or excessive caffeine intake |
| Mania | A mental state characterized by excessive excitement and feelings of grandeur |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system (is., brain and spinal cord), characterized by neck stiffness, headache, altered mental status, and fever, usually caused by bacteria |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Chronic, progressive degeneration of the central nervous system that can result in decreased stimulation, paralysis, shakiness, and speech abnormalities |
| Narcolepsy | Syndrome characterized by uncontrolled drowsiness and sleepiness |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | A condition characterized by persistent ideas, thoughts, or images causing anxiety and distress along with corresponding behaviors designed to reduce anxiety or stress, such as repeated hand-washing |
| Parkinson's disease | A progressive, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by constant muscle spasms and shakiness |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A condition characterized by anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and sleep disorders, caused by a previous traumatic event such as experiencing or witnessing violence |
| Schizophrenia | A psychotic disorder characterized by separation from reality, usually accompanied by abnormal behavior, illogical thinking, and hallucinations |
| Neurotransmitters (NT) responsible for stimulating the brain | serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) |
| Monoamine oxidase | MAO |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | MAO-Is |
| ? is found in the synapse and is responsible for inactivating monoamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin | Monoamine oxidase |
| The skin consists of the | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| The ? is the upper surface where tightly connected, protein-filled cells are produced, giving the skin its continuity and suppleness. | epidermis |
| The ? houses sensory receptors, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, and hair follicles. | dermis |
| The ? is the area below the dermis consisting of fatty tissue where several medications such as insulin are injected | hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer |
| Derm/a, Derm/o, Dermat/o, -derma | skin |
| Diaphoresis | Excessive sweating |
| Perspiration | Sweating |
| Subcutaneous | The layer below the cutaneous (dermal) skin layer and a common location for injections |
| Topical | A route of administration for medication (usually a cream or ointment) which is applied to a localized area on a body surface. |
| Transdermal | A route of administration for medication which is applied to and absorbed through the skin so that it will be absorbed, such as a nitroglycerin or nicotine patch. |
| Burn | Tissue damage resulting from excessive exposure of the skin to heat, chemicals, or radiation. Bums can be classified according to the extent of tissue damage |
| 1st degree burn | A superficial bum limited to the outer layer of the epidermis. Lighter- skinned individuals will show redness as with a sunburn. |
| 2nd degree burn | A burn that penetrates the epidermis and into the dermis, but not so severely that it inhibits regeneration of the epidermis. Second-degree burns are characterized by blisters |
| 3rd degree burn | A burn in which all of the epidermis and dermis are destroyed. |
| Contusion | An injury in which tissues or blood vessels are damaged but does not break the skin; a bruise |
| Contact dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin characterized by redness and itching; caused by contact with an irritant or allergen |
| Eczema (atopic dermatitis) | An acute or chronic skin inflammation characterized by redness, scales, scabs, and itching. |
| Gangrene | Tissue death followed by bacterial infection, resulting in foul-smelling decayed sores. |
| Hives | A condition in which the skin reacts to allergens or stress by developing round elevations with red edges and pale centers |
| Impetigo | A contagious bacterial infection common in children and results in red lesions, usually around the face and hands |
| Laceration | A cut or tear in the skin |
| Melanoma | A form of skin cancer that may result from excessive exposure to the sun |
| Pruritus | Itching |
| Psoriasis | Metabolic skin disorder in which the skin has red raised rashes with white to silver scales caused by accelerated growth of skin cells. |
| Ringworm | A type of fungal infection characterized by a raised red ring on the skin |
| Septic shock | Severe complication of an infection resulting in organ dysfunction and abnormally low blood pressure; often resulting in severe shock or sudden death. |
| Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) | Highly contagious fungal infection on feet and between toes; characterized by dry and crusty areas of skin |
| Wart | An elevated growth on the skin usually caused by a virus |
| The ? , located in the brain, secretes melatonin, which increases concentration in the blood at night and makes people drowsy and decreases during daylight hours | pineal gland |
| The ? is also located in the brain and secretes a number of hormones which regulate various bodily functions including growth, reproduction, and some metabolic functions | pituitary gland |
| The butterfly-shaped ? is located in the neck and releases thyroid hormone, which is the body's major metabolic hormone. Thyroid hormone affects body temperature, appetite, weight, and blood pressure among other things. | thyroid gland |
| The ? are located on the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone, regulating the calcium balance in the blood. | four parathyroid glands |
| The ?, located in the chest, promotes the maturity of lymphocytes, thus playing an important role in immune system function. | thymus |
| The ?, located in the abdomen, releases glucagon and insulin to raise and lower blood sugar, respectively. | pancreas |
| The ? are located on top of the kidneys. They secrete aldosterone, cortisol (hydrocortisone), testosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine | adrenal glands |
| ? regulates sodium and water levels | Aldosterone |
| ? helps the body resist stressors | cortisol |
| ? contributes to the onset of puberty and the development of pubic hair | Testosterone |
| ? promote the "fight or flight" effects in response to emergency situations | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Effector organ | The organ affected by the respective hormone |
| Glucose | A simple sugar obtained from the diet that is stored by insulin to be used for energy in the future |
| Hydrocortisone | A synthetic hormone used to relieve or reduce inflammation, pain, and organ rejection |
| Hypothalamus | A part of the brain that controls various functions such as maintaining body temperature, regulating sleep, and releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes "releasing" hormones which have effects on pituitary gland. |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels that aids in the storage of blood glucose (in the form of glycogen and fat) to be used for energy in the future. |
| Goiter | The abnormal development of the thyroid gland resulting in an enlargement in the frontal part of the neck |
| Hyperparathyroidism | A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of parathyroid hormone in the body resulting in weak bones |
| Hypoparathyroidism | A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone in the body, resulting in cramps among other things. |
| Hyperthyroidism | A condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone levels in the body, resulting in increased sweating, nervousness, and weight loss |
| Hypothyroidism | A condition characterized by deficient amounts of thyroid hormone levels, resulting in fatigue, depression, and weight gain |
| Hormones released from the hypothalamus are called ? and are abbreviated as ? | "releasing hormones" / RH |
| The pituitary gland releases ? and are abbreviated ? | "stimulating hormones" / SH |
| thyroid releasing hormone | TRH |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | TSH |
| Chlamydia | A highly contagious STI caused by a bacterium that results in damage to the reproductive organs if not treated early. |
| Genital herpes | An STI caused by a virus characterized by painful blisters on the genitals. Genital herpes cannot be cured but symptoms may be treated. |
| Gonorrhea | An STI caused by a bacterium characterized by a burning or painful sensation while urinating, vaginal or penile discharge, and sore throat. |
| Syphilis | An STI caused by a bacterium; characterized by painless sores, swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Syphilis can be cured with prompt treatment and follow-up. |
| Trichomoniasis | An STI caused by a protozoan; characterized by pain during sexual intercourse, vaginal or penile discharge, and itching. Trichomoniasis can be cured with appropriate therapy. |
| Osteoblast require ? & ? to form new bone | Ca & phosphate |
Created by:
cbowers101
Popular Pharmacology sets