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psych 1 final exam
psychology 1 final exam study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | the scientific, systematic study of behaviors and mental processes |
| introspection | a method of self observation in which participants report on their thoughts and feelings |
| applied psychology | discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals |
| psychoanalyst | a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior |
| charles darwin | established the descendants of species over time |
| whelm wundt | first psychology lab in Germany, introspection, structuralism |
| sigmund freud | psychoanalytic psychologist, unconscious mind, free association, dream analysis |
| bio-psychological approach | a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical change in our bodies influence our behavior |
| behavioral approach | analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment |
| grasping reflex | an infants clinging response to a touch on the palm of his/her hand |
| rooting reflex | response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his/her mouth |
| sucking reflex | sucking following the contact with the nipple |
| object permanence | child's realization that an object exists even when not seen or touched |
| egocentric | young child's inability to understand another persons perspective |
| telegraphic speech | kind of verbal utterances offered by young children in which articles, prepositions, and parts of verbs are left out, but the meaning is clear |
| assimilation | process of fitting objects and experiences into ones schema to deal with new situations and to understand the environment |
| accommodation | the process by which a person changes his/her old methods or schemas to adjust or deal with new situations |
| critical period | a stage or point in development when certain skills/abilities are most easily learned |
| socialization | process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live |
| democratic/authoritative family | children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives |
| permissive/laissez-faire family | children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non punishing, accepting attitude toward children |
| schema | a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world |
| identity crisis | a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are |
| identity confusion | confusion about ones identity |
| gender role | a set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex |
| gender stereotype | an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women |
| puberty | sexual maturation, the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible |
| menarche | the first menstrual period |
| anorexia nervosa | a serious eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged self starvation and dramatic weight loss |
| bulimia nervosa | a serious eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating usually followed by self induced vomiting or abuse of laxatives |
| androgynous | combining or blending traditional male and female characteristics |
| autonomic nervous system | the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal biological functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure |
| central nervous system | the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| synapse | the gap that exists between the axon terminals of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron |
| axon | a single, threadlike structure with in the neuron that extends from and carries signals away from the cell body to neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles |
| neurons | the long, thin cells that constitute the structural and functional unit of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain |
| siamese twins | any twins who are born joined together in any manner |
| identical twins | twins who come from one fertilized egg, twins having the same heredity |
| fore-brain | a part of the bran that covers the brains central core |
| mid-brain | a small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward |
| testosterone | male sex hormone |
| fraternal twins | twins who come from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm |
| endocrine system | a chemical communication system, using hormones, by which messages are sent through the blood stream |
| pituitary gland | the center of control of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves branching out from the spinal cord |
| somatic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles |
| EEG (electroencephalograph) | a machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain |
| heredity | a genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring |
| consciousness | an individuals state of awareness, including a persons feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions |
| unconsciousness | according to freud, the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious behaviors |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disprder in which a person stops breathing for intervals of 10 sec or longer, wakes up briefly, resumes breathing, and returns to sleep |
| circadian rhythm | a regular sequence of biological processes such as temp and sleep that occurs every 24 hours |
| hypnosis | a state of consciousness resulting from a narrow focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility |
| insomnia | a sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep |
| nightmare | unpleasant dreams that contain frightening and anxiety producing images |
| night terrors | sleep disruptions that occur during stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion that is seldom remembered |
| biofeedback | the process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled |
| REM sleep | a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming behind closed eyes |
| narcolepsy | a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day |
| sensations | the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory info to the brain |
| perception | the organization and interpretation of sensory info into meaningful experiences |
| adaptation | any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment. |
| reversible figure | figure being able to switch with a similar figure |
| gestalt | the experience that comes from organizing bits and pieces of info into a meaningful whole |
| subliminal messages | brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold |
| auditory nerves | the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound |
| olfactory nerves | the nerve that transmits info about odors from the nose to the brain |
| optic nerves | the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain |
| closure | the act of closing or coming to an end |
| cochlea | a spiral-shaped cavity forming a division of the internal ear in humans |
| vestibular system | three semicircular canals located in the inner ear that provide the sense of balance |
| ESP (extrasensory perception) | a group of psychic experiences that involve perceiving or sending info (images) outside normal sensory processes or channels; includes four general abilities: telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis |
| weber's law | a psycho-physics law stating that forcing change in stimulus to be deleted, a constant proportion of that stimulus must be added or subtracted |
| retina | the light sensitive innermost coating of the back of the eye that contains the rods, cones, and neurons that process visual stimuli |
| unconditioned response | an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | an event that elicits a certain predictable response with out previous thought |
| conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response | a response elicited by the conditional stimulus, it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount |
| classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases/decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again |
| punishment | to punish for an offense or fault |
| positive reinforcement | stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again |
| variable interval | a pattern of reinforcement in which change amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement |
| variable ratio | a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained each time |
| fixed interval | a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement |
| fixed ratio | a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained |
| avoidance conditioning | the training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts |
| token economy | form of conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points that can be accumulated and exchanged for privileges or other rewards |
| extinction | in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the conditioned stimulus |
| pavlov's experiment | salivating dog |
| shaping | technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is "modeled" by first rewarding only act similar to that behavior and then required even closer approximation to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| generalization | in classical conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response |
| discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
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lizhopper2
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