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GLG 101 Ch 7
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alluvial fan | a fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed when a stream's slope is abruptly reduced |
| Asymmetrical ripple mark | a wave of sand formed by a directional water or wind current, so that the wave is tipped in the direction of the current |
| Angularity | a measure of the degree to which a sedimentary clast's edges and corners are rounded |
| Bedding plane | a nearly flat surface separating two beds of sedimentary rock, and marking the end of one deposit and beginning of another |
| Beds | parallel layers of sedimentary rock |
| Biochemical | a type of chemical sediment that forms when material dissolved in water is precipitated by water-dwelling organisms |
| Breccia | a poorly sorted detrital sedimentary rock composed of large angular clasts |
| Cementation | a type of Lithification in which precipitates from water percolated through the sediment, filling open spaces and joining particles into a solid mass |
| Chemical sedimentary rock | ions in a solution are precipitated by either organic or biologic processes (chemical weathering) |
| Chert | a chemical sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline quartz |
| Clastic texture | a sedimentary rock texture consisting of broken fragments of preexisting rock |
| Clasts | mineral and rock fragment resulting from weathering |
| Coal | an organic sedimentary rock composed of carbon derived from plant debris |
| Compaction | lithification in which the weight of overlying material compresses more deeply buried sediment (fine-grained sedimentary rocks- shale) |
| Conglomerate | a poorly sorted detrital sedimentary rock composed of large rounded clasts |
| Crossbedding | structure in which relatively thin layers are inclined at an angle to the main bedding |
| Crystalline texture | a term for the texture of sedimentary rocks in which the minerals from a pattern of interlocking crystals |
| Deep marine environment | deposition environment that occupies the portion of the seafloor that lies between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge system |
| Delta environment | system of stream, swamp and terrestrial depositional environments occupying on the accumulated sediment where a stream enter a lake or ocean |
| Detrital sedimentary rock | rocks that form from the accumulation of materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering |
| Diagenesis | a collective term for all the chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited and during and after Lithification |
| Dolostone | a chemical sedimentary rock composed of mineral dolomite |
| Dune environment | depositional environment associated with dunes, or hill/ridges of wind-deposited sand |
| Environment of deposition | a geographic setting where sediment accumulates under a particular set of geologic processes and environmental conditions |
| Evaporite | a sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of water |
| Facies | a portion of a rock unit that possesses a distinctive set of characteristics that distinguishes it from other parts of the same unit |
| Fossil | the remains or traces of organisms preserved from the geologic past |
| Glacial environment | depositional environments associated with glaciers and glaciation |
| Graded bed | a sedimentary layer characterized by a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top |
| Limestone | a chemical sedimentary rock composed of mineral limestone |
| Lithification | the process, generally cementation and/or compaction, of converting sediments to solid rocks |
| Mudcrack | a feature in some sedimentary rocks that forms when wet mud dries out, shrinks, and cracks |
| Nonclastic texture | a term for the texture of sedimentary rocks in which the minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals |
| Organic sedimentary rock | sedimentary rock composed of organic carbon from the remains of plants that died and accumulated on the floor of a swamp |
| Rounding | the reduction in the angularity of a sedimentary clast's edges and corners, usually by abrasion experienced during transportation |
| Salt flat | a white crust on the ground produced when water evaporates and leaves its dissolved materials behind |
| Sandstone | a detrital sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized particles |
| Sedimentary environment | a geographic setting where sediment accumulates under a particular set of geologic processes and environmental conditions |
| Sedimentary rock | a rock composed of the particles, precipitates, or organic debris resulting from the erosion, transportation and deposition of the products of weathering |
| Shale | a detrital sedimentary rock composed of silt and clay-sized particles |
| Shallow marine environment | system of depositional environments found between the shoreline and the continental rise |
| Sorting | the degree of similarity in particle size in sediment or sedimentary rock |
| Strata | parallel layers of sedimentary rock |
| Symmetrical ripple mark | the back and forth movement of surface waves in a shallow near shore environment (oscillation ripple marks) |
| Turbidity current | a downslope movement of water in and erratic fashion often characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies |
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