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GLG 101 Ch 1
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abyssal plain | very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise |
| Asthenosphere | a subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 kilometers and in some regions extends as deep as 700 kilometers. The rock within this zone is easily deformed |
| Catastrophism | the concept that Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature |
| Continental margin | that portion of the seafloor adjacent to the continents. It may include the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise |
| Continental rise | the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope |
| Continental shelf | the gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin extending from the shoreline to the continental slope |
| Continental slope | the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf |
| Core | the innermost layer of Earth based on composition. It is thought to be largely and iron-nickel alloy with minor amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur |
| Craton | that part of the continental crust that has attained stability; that is, it has not been affected by significant tectonic activity during the Phanerozoic eon. It consists of the shield and stable platform |
| Crust | the very thin outermost layer of Earth |
| Deep ocean basin | the portion of seafloor that lies between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge system. This region comprises almost 30% of Earth's surface |
| Deep ocean trench | a narrow, elongated depression of the seafloor |
| Fossil succession | fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and any time period can be recognized by its fossil content |
| Geology | the science that examines Earth, its form and composition, and the changes that it has undergone and is undergoing |
| Hypothesis | a tentative explanation that is then tested to determine if it is valid |
| Igneous rock | rock formed from the crystallization of magma |
| Inner core | the solid inner most layer of Earth, about 1216 kilometers (754 miles) in radius |
| Lithosphere | the ridged outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle |
| Lower mantle (mesosphere) | the part of the mantle that extends from the core to the mantle boundary to a depth of 660 kilometers |
| Mantle | one of Earth's compositional layers. The solid rocky shell that extends from the base of the crust to a depth of 2900 kilometers |
| Metamorphic rock | rock formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids |
| Oceanic ridge (mid-ocean ridge) | a continuous mountainous ridge on the floor of all the major ocean basins and varying in width from 500 to 5000 kilometers (300-3000 miles). The rifts at the crests of these ridges represent divergent plat boundaries |
| Outer core | a layer beneath the mantle about 2270 kilometers (1410 miles) thick, which ahs the properties of a liquid |
| Relative dating | rocks and structures are placed in their proper sequence or order. Only the chronological order of events is determined |
| Rock cycle | a model that illustrates the origin of the three basic rock types and the interrelatedness of Earth materials and processes |
| Sedimentary rock | rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified |
| Shield | a large, relatively flat expanse of ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks within the craton |
| Stable platform | that part of the craton that is mantled by relatively undeformed sedimentary rocks and underlain by a basement complex of igneous and metamorphic rock |
| Superposition, Law of | in any undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below |
| System | a group of interacting or interdependent parts that form a complex whole |
| Theory | a well-tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts |
| Uniformitarianism | the concept that the processes that have shaped Earth in the geologic past are essentially the same as those operating today |
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