Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych Ch 8 Vocab
Psychology Eighth Edition by David G. Myers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning |
| Extinction | diminishing of a conditioned response |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| Discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Pioneer in classical conditioning which is the using of association of a CS with a US to create a given response |
| John Garcia | He realized that animals were more likely to have taste aversion because of their biological predispositions. Taste aversion is when an animal attributes a certain kind of food to a given sickness which would cause the animal to not eat that food again |
| John Watson | Did an experiment on Little Albert in which he made a loud noise every time a white rat came close to the child. After a while the child began to fear the rat and other similar objects. |
| Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner | if two significant events occur close together in time, an animal learns predictability of the second event. The animal also learns expectancy of how likely it is that the US will occur. |
| Neutral Stimulus | after classical conditioning it can produce a conditioned response and it becomes the CS |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response |
| Unconditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Conditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| Edward Thorndike (law of effect) | behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| BF Skinner | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. |
| Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| Primary Reinforcers | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Conditioned Reinforcers | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| Immediate Reinforcers | reinforcing something right after a behavior was done. |
| Delayed Reinforcers | receiving a reinforcement eventually after a behavior is done |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time that it occurs. |
| Partial Reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Fixed-Ratio | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable-Ratio | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed-Interval | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed |
| Variable-Interval | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforce a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
| Positive Punishment | adding an aversive stimulus (Spanking) |
| Negative Punishment | subtracting a rewarding stimulus (taking away a stimulus) |
| Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Cognitive Map | a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment |
| Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| Albert Bandura (Bobo Doll Experiment) | children were more likely to imitate aggressive behavior if they were in the same room with an aggressive adult of the same sex. Also, children were less likely to do aggressive behavior if there was some form of punishment |
| Modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
| Learned Helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| Learned Laziness | people or animals that are unable to adapt to new surroundings when they are forced to because they are used to getting everything they need without any work. |
Created by:
BrandonMush
Popular Psychology sets