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CMB-Chapter 2
CMB - Chapter 2 - Rx Medications (General)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| emulsions | mixtures of oil & water |
| elixirs | clear, hydroalcoholic liquids |
| fluid extracts & tinctures | use alcohol, water, or combination of the two as their base & usually contain plant extracts as active ingredients |
| spirits or essences | are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances - require storage in tight containers to prevent loss through evaporation |
| syrups | are concentrated solutions of sugar in water with active ingredients, may also contain alcohol |
| ointments | greasy preparations, usually with a petroleum jelly base |
| creams | combinations of water, oil, & other substances |
| lotions | are like creams but contain much more water |
| liniments | mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions intended for external use |
| gels | semisolid suspensions of very small particles |
| collodions | liquids that dry as flexible films on skin |
| transdermal patches | topical delivery systems designed for prolonged action |
| parenteral medication | sterile preps injected with syringes |
| pharmaceutical equivalence | same active ingredients, same dosage form, same route of admin, & same strength |
| therapeutic equivalence | same rate and extent of absorption of the active ingredients into the bloodstream |
| pharmaceutical alternatives | meds that have the same therapeutic moiety but may differ with regard to the particular chemical complex or dosage form or strength |
| therapeutic alternatives | meds that do not have the same active ingredients but have similar clinical effects |
| National Drug Code | NDC |
| (NDC) 1st five = | manufacturer |
| (NDC) next four = | name, strength, & dosage form |
| (NDC) last two = | package size |
| NCC MERP | The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting & Prevention |
| Purpose of NCC MERP | categorizes errors based on whether an error was actually made & what harm (if any) occurred in the patient |
| Med Error A | no error |
| Med Error B | error that does not reach patient (near miss) |
| Med Error C | error reaches patient but did not cause harm |
| Med Error D | error reaches patient & requires monitoring and/or intervention to confirm that no harm was made to the patient |
| Med Error E | error resulting in temp harm |
| Med Error F | error resulting in temp harm & prolonged hospitalization |
| Med Error G | error resulting in permanent harm |
| Med Error H | error & intervention required to sustain life |
| Med Error I | error causing death (sentinel event) |
| MedWatch | an FDA initiated voluntary reporting system for adverse effects or medications errors with pharmaceutical products |
| Safety alerts, recalls, withdrawals, & important labeling changes are distributed to the medical community & general public via the... | FDA Enforcement Report |
| Drug Recalls-Class I | a drug product is being recalled because there is a strong chance of serious adverse effects or death to the patient |
| Drug Recalls-Class II | a drug product is being recalled because there is a temporary (but reversible) chance of adverse effect, or little chance of serious adverse effect |
| Drug Recalls-Class III | a drug product is being recalled because of some problem that is not likely to cause adverse effects |
| Preg. Category A | failed to show a risk to the fetus; fetal harm appears remote |
| Preg. Category B | either animal studies have shown no risk, but controlled studies in pregnant women are not done, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect that was not confirmed in women |
| Preg. Category C | either animal studies have shown an effect on the fetus & there are no controlled trials in women, or there are not studies in either animals or women; should be given only if the risk to fetus outweighs the benefits |
| Preg. Category D | there is + evidence of risk to a human fetus; must weigh the risks vs the benefits |
| Preg. Category X | there are studies to show fetal abnormalities; the drug is contraindicated in women who may be pregnant |
Created by:
cbowers101
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