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Psychology- chapter1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Applied Research | Research designed to solve specific, practical problems. |
Basic Research | Research that reflects the quest of knowledge purely for its own sake. |
Behavioral Neuroscience | Examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts. |
Behavioral Perspective | View that emphasizes how the environment and learning experiences shape and control behavior. |
Behavior Genetics | Study of how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors. |
Behaviorism | School of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behavior through learning. |
Biological perspective | A view that focuses on the role of biological factors in behavior. |
British Empiricism | The idea that all ideas and knowledge are gained through the senses. |
Cognitive Behaviorism | Learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave. |
Cognitive Neuroscience | Uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques to examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks. |
Cognitive Perspective | Examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behavior. |
Cognitive Psychology | Focuses on the study of mental processes. |
Collectivism | Individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to the extended family and other social groups. |
Cultural Psychology | Explores how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similarities and differences among people from diverse cultures. |
Culture | Values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next. |
Defense Mechanisms | Psychological techniques that hep us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences. |
Evolutionary Psychology | Growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behavior. |
Functionalism | Psychology should study the functions of its consciousness rather than its structure. |
Gestalt Psychology | Examines how elements of experience are organized into wholes. |
Humanistic Perspective | Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and the attempt to find meaning in one's existence. |
Individualism | An emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one's own attributes and achievements. |
Interaction | The way in which one factor influences behavior depends on the presence of another factor. |
Mind-body Dualism | The belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body. |
Monism | Holds that mind and body are one and that the mind is not a separate spiritual entity. |
Natural Selection | If an inherited trait gives certain advantage over others, these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring. |
Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another. |
Norms | Rules that specify what behavior is acceptable and expected for members of that group. |
Object Relations Theory | Early experiences with caregivers shape the views that people form of themselves and others. |
Positive Psychology Movement | Emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living. |
Psychoanalysis | Analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces. |
Psychodynamic Perspective | Searches for the causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality emphasizing the role of unconscious processes. |
Psychology | Scientific study of behavior and the mind. |
Social Constructivism | Maintains that what we consider "reality" is largely our own mental creation. |
Socialization | Process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them. |
Sociocultural Perspective | Examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings. |
Structuralism | Analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements. |