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Cohens Science Final
Ms.Cohens Science Final 8th Grade 06-07
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is force | A push or pull |
| Net force | combined force off all the forces acting on an object |
| Friction acts in teh direction ____ to the direcitons of an objects motion | opposite |
| Unless and object at rest is acted on by a force, it stays at rest due to its | inertia |
| Formula for Force | Force= Mass * Acceleration |
| Newtons 1st Law | An object at rest will remain at rest unless its acted upon by and outside force. Same for an object in motion. |
| Newtons 2nd Law | F=ma |
| Newtons 3rd Law | Every action has an equal and opposite reacion. |
| Gravitational Force between 2 objects depends on ....? | the masses of the 2 objects and their distance apart |
| The weight of an object varies with waht? | The force of gravity |
| When the only force on a falling object is gravity, the object is said to be.... | in free fall |
| When two equal forces act on the same object in opposite directions, the net force is ____ | zero |
| On way to increase acceleration is ... | decreasing mass |
| Throwing sand on a driveway is an example of ________? | Intentionally increasing friction |
| If you were on the moon, your weight would be roughly 1/? of your weight on earth | 1/6 |
| Law of Universal Gravitation states...? | and two objects in the universe attract each other |
| According to Newtons 3rd Law of Motion, when a strikes and exerts force on a nail, the nail....? | exerts an equal force back on the hammer |
| Two skaters who push off from each other will move at the same speed if they ...? | have the same mass |
| Which law can explain how gases released from burning fuel in a rocket proeuce thrust? | 3rd law of motion |
| Formula for Acceleration | Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Change in Time |
| Formula for Average Velocity | V avg = V final - V initial/ 2 |
| Essay questions - know how to explain | 1- Explain in terms of Newtons Laws what happpens to you when you are a passenger in a car that stops quickly. 2- Explain why you feel the effect of gravity between you and the Earth, but not between you and a pencil. 3- Explain terminal velocity. |
| Formula for Work | Work= Force x Distance |
| What is Work measured in? | Joules |
| What is distance (typically) meausred in? | Meters |
| What is force measured in? | Newtons |
| What is power measured in? | Watts |
| What is the formula for Power? | Power = Work/ Time |
| What is the fomula for Velocity? | Velocity= acceleration x time |
| What is the formua for distance? | Distance= (Acceleration due to Gravity) (time ^ 2) / 2 |
| The total energy of all particles in a substance is called ______ | thermal energy |
| The measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles of matter is _______ | temperature |
| Heat is transfered from one particlee of matter to antoher without the movement of the matter itsself by | conduction |
| Heat is transfered by the movemetnns witin a fluid with | convection |
| Heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves by | radiation |
| ______ is thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a colder object | heat |
| What is specific heat? | The anount of energy it taks to raise 1kg of a substance to 1 kelvin |
| Water needs more thermal energy to change its temperature because fo | its molecular structure |
| Water doesn't heat up as quickly as sand because the specif heat of water is ...? | more than that of sand |
| What can happen to light when it hits an object? | It can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted |
| What is an opaque material? | A material that reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it. |
| What are some examples of opaque materials? | Wood, metal, and cotton and wool fabrics |
| What is a transparent material? | A material that transmits light |
| What is a translucent material? | A material that allow some light to pass through it and scatter light as it passes through |
| What is a ray? | A straight line used to represent a light wave |
| What is regular reflection? | It occurs when parallel rays of light hit a smooth surface |
| Are all the rays reflected at the same angle in regular reflection? | Yes |
| What is diffuse reflection? | When parallel rays of light hit a bumpy, or uneven, surface |
| Are the rays reflected at different angles? Explain | Since the rays hit the surface at different angles they reflect at different angles |
| How do most objects reflect light? | Diffusely |
| What is an image | A copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light |
| What is a plane mirror? | A flat mirror |
| What type of image does a plane mirror produce? | An image that is right-side up and the same size as the object being reflected (virtual image) |
| What is a virtual image? | Right-side up or upright images |
| What is a concave mirror? | A mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a bowl |
| What is the focal point? | The point at which the rays meet |
| What type(s) of images do concave mirrors form? | Virtual images or real images |
| What does the type of image a concave mirror forms depend on? | The position of the object in relation to the focal point |
| If the object is farther away from the mirror than the focal pint the reflect rays form a ______. | Real image |
| What is a real image? | An inverted image forms where rays of light meet. They are up-side down |
| If the object is between the focal point and the mirror, the image is ___________. | Virtual |
| What is a convex mirror? | A mirror with a surface that curves outward |
| What type of image does a convex mirror always form? | Virtual |
| What is an example of a convex mirror? | They are used in care passenger0side rearview mirrors |
| If two substances hae different themperatures, then heat will flow from the _____ one to the ______ one | warmer, cooler |
| Thermal energy is called heat only when | it is transfered from a warmer object to a cooler object |
| When a substance is cooled, theremal energy is released. This means teh motion of the marticles..... | slow down and the particles move closer together |
| An example of a wave that can be transmitted througth a vacuum is? (light, sound, both or neither) | Light |
| A wave in which the particles of a medium move at right angles to the direction of the wave is a called a ____ | transverse wave |
| The number of complete wave cycles per unit of time is called | frequency |
| What material does light travel fastest in? | Air |
| What material does light travel slowest in? | Glass |
| Does glass cause light to bend more than either air or water? | Yes because it refracts light more |
| That is a material’s index of refraction? | It is the measure of how much a ray of light bends when it enters that material. |
| If the index of refraction is higher then it will bend __________ light. | More |
| The longer the wavelength, the _____ the wave will be bent by a prism. | Less |
| How is a rainbow formed? | When white light from the sun shines through tiny drops of water. The raindrops act like prisms and refract the light. |
| What is a mirage? | An image of a distant object caused by refraction of light. |
| What is a lens? | A curved piece of glass or other transparent material that is used to refract light. |
| How does a lens form an image? | By refracting light rays that pass through it. |
| What is a concave lens? | Is thinner in the center than at the edges |
| What happens to light as passes through a concave lens? | They are bent away from the center of the lens |
| What type of images do concave lens only form? | Virtual |
| What is a convex lens? | It is thicker in the center than at the edges |
| What happens to light has it passes through a convex lens? | The rays of light are bent toward the center of the lens |
| The more ______ the convex lens, the more it refracts light. | Curved |
| What does the type of image formed by a convex lens depend on? | The position of the object in relation to the focal point |
| If the object is farther away than the focal point what type of image is formed? (Convex lens) | Real image |
| If the object is between the lens and the focal point what type of image is formed? (Convex lens) | Virtual image |
| What is the color of an object? | The color of light it reflects |
| What are color filters? | Transparent materials that allow only certain colors of light to pass through them. |
| What are primary colors? | 3 colors that can be used to make any other color |
| What are secondary colors? | Any color produced by combining equal amounts of any two primary colors |
| What are the three primary colors of light? | Red, green, blue |
| What do they form when combined in equal amounts? | White light |
| What are the secondary colors of light? | Yellow (red + green), cyan (green +blue), and magenta(red +blue) |
| What are complementary colors (in terms of light)? | Any two colors that combine form white light |
| Give examples of the complementary colors of light. | Yellow and blue; cyan and red; magenta and green |
| What are pigments? | Substances that are used to color other materials |
| What are pigments? | Substances that are used to color other materials |
| What happens to the number of colors reflected as pigments are added together? | As pigments are added together, fewer colors of light are reflected and more are absorbed. |
| What are the primary colors of pigments? | Cyan, yellow, magenta |
| What color is formed when you mix all of the primary colors of pigments? | Black |
| What are the secondary colors of pigments? | Red (magenta + yellow), green (cyan + yellow), and blue (magenta + cyan) |
| Frequency times wavelength always equals | speed |
| You can hear a sound that is produced out of sight around the corner of a building because of | Diffraction |
| When two waves combine and their amplitude is zero, then there is ______ interference | destructive |
| Waves combine to produce a larger wave, this is called | construvtive interference |
| The amplitude of a transverse wave is found by measuring the distance ... | from the rest position to the crest |
| A longitudinal wave has a large amplitude if | it has very crowded compressions and very uncrowded rarefactions |
| An example of a reflected wave is a(n) (echo, transcerse wave, standing wave, tsunami) | echo |
| Constructive interference occurs when two waves | combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude |
| If two waves have the same speed, then frequency and wavelength are always | factors of the speed |
| a toy boat bobbing in a pond is bieng moved by | transverse waves |
| when a wave moves through a hole in a barrier it bends and spreads out causing..... waves | diffracted |
| Angle of incoming= angle of incidence | Law of reflection |
| Increasing the speed of a wave will increase ______ | the frequency of the wave |
| The bending of waves due to change of speed in different mediums is called | refraction |
| How do you measure the amplitude of a longitudinal wave? | measure how compact the compressions are |
| Formula for Speed | Speed= Wavelength (lambda) x Frequency |
| What is frequency measured in? | Hz |
| Electromagnetc waves from Long WL - Short WL | Radio-Microwave-Infared-Visible-Ultraviolet-Xray-Gamma |
| What are microwaves used for? | cooking, radar, and communication |
| What indicates that light is made up of particles, rather than waves? | The photoelectric effect |
| What two fields make up electromagnetic waves? | electric and magnetic |
| What is the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum? | 300,000,000 m/s |
| All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed, but have different ....? | Wavelengths and frequencies |
| What are the most penetrating electromagnetic waves? | Gamma waves |
| Definition of wave | A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place |
| Waves that move the particles of the medium parallel to the idirection in whic the waves are traveleing are called...? | longitudinal waves |
| Amplitude of a wave | Maximum distance that the particles of a medium move from teh rest position |
| The distance beween two cooresponding parts of a wave is the waves _______ | wavelength |
| Reflection | When a wave bounces off a surface it can't pass through |
| The bending of waves due to a change of speed | refractoin |
| The bending of waves around the edge of a barrier | diffraction |
| What waves don't need a medium? | Electromagnetic |
| What is transfered by electromagnetic waves? | electromagnetic radiation |
| All electromagnetic waves have the same ______? | speed |
| what do ultraviolet rays do to the human body? | Sunburn it...jk jk. The actual answer is 'help your body produce vitamin D' |
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