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Pharm. auto and som
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All pregangliaonic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems release ________ as their transmitter | acetylcholine |
| All postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release _______ as their transmitter | acetylcholine |
| Most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release ________ as their transmitter | norepinephrine |
| Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that innervate sweat glands release ________ as their transmitter | acetylecholine |
| __________ is the principal transmitter released by the adrenal medulla | epinephrine |
| All motor neurons to skeletal muscles release ________as their tranmitter | acetylcholine |
| _______ receptors are located on the cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. | Nicotinic N |
| __________ receptors are also located on cells of the adrenal medulla. | Nicotinic N |
| _________ receptors are located on skeletal muscle. | Nicotinic M |
| _______ receptors are located on all organs regulated by the parsympathetic nervous system. | Muscarinic |
| Muscarinic receptors are also located on _____ | sweat glands |
| _______ receptors- alpha, beta, or both are located on all organs(except sweat glands) regulated by the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenergic |
| Adrenergic receptors are located on organs regulated by _________ released from the ____ | epinerphrine, adrenal medulla |
| What is the drug used to treat Alzheimer's Disease. It is a centrally-acting reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that increases the availability of acetylcholine and enhances transmission by cholinergic neurons that have not yet been destroyed by AD. | Donepezil (Aricept) |
| What are cholinesterase inhibitors | drugs that prevent the degradation of acetylcholine by acetylcolinesterase |
| What are the 2 cholinerase inhibitors used to treat myastenia graves (weakness of skeletal muscle) | Neostigmine (Prostigmin) Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
| What are the drugs called tht stimulate or mimic stimulation of the parasympathetic system (agonists) | Cholinergics (parasypathomemetics) |
| What are drugs called that stimulate or mimic stiumation of the sympathetic system (agonists) | Adrenergics (sympathomemetics) |
| What are drugs called that block the parasympathetic system (antagonists) | Parasympatholytic (anticholinergics) |
| What are drugs called that block the sypathetic system. | Symptholytics |
| What is the name of drugs that are used to clinically block acetylcholine a the posganglionic parasympathetic neuron ending | Antimuscarinics |
| (direct-acting cholinergic agonist) this is a drug that acts directly on the parasympathetic receptor (sometimes termed the muscaric receptor) to mimic the action of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves | Cholinomimetics |
| What are the two most common used Cholinomimetics | Pilocarpine Bethanechol (Urecholine) |
| What is the name of the drug used primarily as an eye drop in the treatment of glaucoma, a diesase of the eye characterized by increased intaocular pressure | Pilocarpine |
| is used PO primarily to alleviate post op and postpartum urinary retention and gastic distension. | Bethanechol (Urencholine) |
| Which drug for Myastenia gravis is longer acting cholinesterase inhibitor | Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
| Which drug for Myastenia grvis produces reversible inhibition of AChE by formation of carbamyl-ester complex that dissociates slowly. | Neostigmine (Prostigmin) |
| Drugs that competitively antaagonize the effects of ACh and other muscarinic agonists at cholinergic postganglionic (muscarinic) sites found in the heart, salivary glands, smooth muscles of GI and GU tract. | Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) note: simply the block of MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS |
| This is the protype for muscarinc antagonist, prevents receptor activation by endogenous ACh(or by drugs that act as muscarinic agonists) | Atropine |
| Drug used to prevent of motion-induced sickness | Scolamine transdermal |
| Druge used to treak Parkinson's diease | Benztropin (Cogentin) |
| Catecholamines (Adrenergic Agonists ) 5 Drugs | 1. Epinephrine 2.Norepinephrine 3. Isopocterenol 4. Dobutamine 5. Domamine |
| Nocatecholamines (Adrenergic Agonists) 3 drugs | 1. Ephedrine 2. Phenlyephrine 3. Terbutaline |
| What receptors is activated by Epinephrine | alpha 1,2 beta 1,2 |
| What receptors is activated by Norephinephrine | alpha 1,2 beta 1 |
| What receptors is activated by Isoproterenol | beta 1,2 |
| What receptors is activated by Dobutamine | beta 1 |
| What receptors is activated by Dopamine | alpha 1, beta 1, dopamine |
| What receptors is activated by Ephedrine | alpha 1,2 beta 1,2 |
| What receptors is activated by Phenylephrine | alpha 1 |
| What receptors is activated by Terbutaline | beta 1 |
| The 2 major chemical classes of adrenergic agonists | Catecholamines Noncatecholamines |
| Properties of catecholamines not of Noncatecholamines | 1.they can not be used orally 2.they have brief duration of action 3. they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier |
| Properties of Noncatecholamines not of catecholamines | 1.can cross the blood-brain barrier 2.they have a longer duration 3.they can be given orally |
| What is another name for Adrenergic agonist | Symathomemetrics |
| Drug used for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with asthma | Albuterol |
| The drug of choice for the treatment of anaphylactic shock and the is useful in treating acut asthmatic attactks and in restoring cardiac activity in cardiac arrest. | Epinephrine |
| Main use of ______ is an intravenous vasopressor in the treatment of hypotension. Has its greatest act on alpha receptors and less on beta 1 | Norepinephrine |
| _____ my increase heart rate by a direct action on beta-1 receptors or may slow the hearts via reflex reaction from the carotid sinus. | Norepinephrine |
| is a competitive adrenergic antagonist that blocks alpha 1 and 2 receptors. Extravasation at the IV site causes tissue necrosis and is treated with ______ | Phentolamine (only non-specific alpha blocker) |
| is a pure alpha agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor with no direct effect on the heart, parentally causes systemic vasoconstriction. Replex response may result in slowing of the heart | Phenylephrine |
| ___ is a selective beta 2 agonist, relaxes the smooth muscle used primarily in the acute asthmatic attack | Albuterol |
| _______ has a dose dependent receptor specificity.It is used to support cardiac functiion in CHF and other hyptensive conditions. effect on dapaminergic (renal vasodilation, beta 1(heart stimulation), alpha 1(blood vessels) receptors and causes release NE | Dopamine |
| ____ is a mixed-acting drug, it activates adrenergic receptors indirect and direct. Direct results from binding of the drug to alpha or beta. Indirect results from release of NE from the adrenergic neurons. greatest affect on blood vessels | Ephedrine |
| Drug used to treat ADHD | Methylphenidate |
| Cause direct blockade of adrenergic receptors | Adrenergic Antagonists (Sympatholytics) |
| ____ is centrally-acting alpha 2 agonists used for treating hypertension, it works by activates by stimulating the alpha 2 receptor on the inhibitor neuron stimulates the inhibitor neuron which inhibits the vasocrere cardiac center | (activating central alpha2 receptors it reduces sympathetic outflow to blood vessels and the heart ) Clonidine |
| Side effect of Clonidine (central-acting alpha 2 agonist): Rebound Hypertension | large increase in blood pressure occurring in response to abrupt clonnidine withdrawl.Patients should withdraw slowly to no cause overactivity fo the sympathetic nervous system |
| Phentolamine major side effect | Block of alpha 2 receptors allows outpouring of NE and severe tachycardia to occur |
| ___ is of selective alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonists.Therapueutic efficacy lies in high degree of selectib inhibition of post junctioal alpha1 adrenocepts in the vasculature of smooth muscles. used to treat Hypertension | Prazosin |
| ____ and ____(both block alpha 1 adrenergic receptors) are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate capsule and bladder neck | 1. Terazosin 2. Doxazosin can be used for hypertension as well |
| Other drug used for BPH but not hypertension _____ which selectivelly blocks alpha receptors in the prostate gland. | Tamsulosin |
| For Prazosin how avoid the first dose affect | By giving the first dose at bedtime |
| Most common non-selective beta blocker. | Propanolol |
| ____selective for beta 1 receptors to black receptors in the heart (cardioselective drug) used for hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction | Metoprolol |
| _____ is a drug that blocks alpha/beta. use for hypertension but causes orthostatic hypotension | Labetalol |
| ____ is a beta block that is cardioselective with a fast onset and duration.It is used IV for supracentricular tachycardia | Esmolol |
| ____ is a protype of beta-blocker used as eye drop in glaucoma that decrease the formation of aqueous humor | Timolol |
| ___ releases nicotine into the body to help reduce the desire to smoke. It comes in varius strengths and is applied once daily to clean dry, non-hairy skin of the upper body or upper arm | Transdermal patch |
| is a base plus nicotine polacrilex,an ion exchange resin to which nicotine is bound. chewed to release the nicotine which is absorbed across the oral mucosa into the systemic circulation.blood level of nicotine depends on vigor,rapidity,and duration | Chewing gum (Nicorette) |
| is an antidepressant which is the first non-nicotine drug used to asses smokers to stop smoking.It increases brain levels of dopamine(NE,or serotonin) ine "pleasure zone" similar to nicotine | Bupropion |
| is an oral drug that binds to the nicotinc receptor blocking nicotine from binding to the receptor but has mild stimulatory effect leading to the release of dopamine. Side effect increase risk of suicide | Varenicline |
| _____ _____ prevents ACh(at neuromuscular junction) from activating Nicotinic M receptors on skeletal muscles and thereby cause muscle relaxation | Neuromuscular blockers |
| Nondepolarizing agent that bind to the ACh receptor competitively blocking the action of ACh and immediately reducig muscle activity | Tubocurarine |
| The only depolarizing agent that bine competitively to ACh receptors but cause a persistent depolarization with subsequent block due to receptor desensitization | Succnylcholine |
| How is ACh removed from the body | destroyed instantaneously by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| How does the body stop sympathetic activity with Norepeinephrine | Primarily by reuptake into the neuron |
| is a nonselective muscarinic antagonist drug approved to ONLY to treat over active bladder(OAB) | Tolterodine |
| Antimuscarinics drug used to decrease saliva formation | Glycopyrrolate |
| Anitcholinergics drug that can relax bronchial smooth muscles by blocking the constrictor effects of the vagus nerve, which are more effective bronchodilators when administered by aerosol inhalation | Ipratropium |
| A vasopressor drug to elevate blood presure, alpha agonist may produce intense vasoonstriction and elevated blood pressure | Levarternol |
| nonmaligant prostate enlargement caused by excessivr growth of epithelial (glandular) cells and smooth muscles | Benigh prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
| is not an alpha blocker but inhibits 5-alpha-reductase,an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.it lowers DHT level to promote regression of prostate of eph tis. and lower mechanical obstruction of the urethra | Finasteride (acts in reproductive tissue) |
| is not a alpha blocker but inhibitor of phospodiesterase2(PDE5) to prevent conversion of cGMP to GMP to preserve erection | Sildenafil(Viagra) |
| space btn the nerve and the tissue | synapse |
Created by:
ndw248
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