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AP Psych Ch 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | A 5 step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control bases and subjective judgements |
| Validity | The degree to which results actually measure what they intend to measure accurately |
| Reliability | The degree to which results can be replicated (consistency) |
| Operational Definition | Exact procedures used in estimating experimental conditions and measurement of results |
| Confounding Variables | Variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment |
| Controls | Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions |
| Random Assignment | Equal chance of being chosen for the experimental group |
| Ex post facto | Choosing subjects based on certain factors (not random) |
| Correlational study | Shows the relationship between two variables but not a cause and effect (no controls) |
| Survey | Behaviors, attitudes, opinions, beliefs; must be careful of biased questions and results or lies |
| Naturalistic Observation | Natural environment; reduce attention drawn; no controls |
| Longitudinal Study | One group followed for a long period; Accurate but is costly and time consuming |
| Cross-sectional study | cross section (rep. subset) at a specific time. Cost less money and time but is less accurate |
| Cohort-sequential study | A mixture of the longitudinal and cross sectional studies |
| Personal Bias | Something you believe in |
| Expectancy Bias | What you expect to happen |
| Double-Blind Study | Eliminates bias. The experimenter and the subject both do not know the control and experimental group. |
| Frequency Distribution | A summery chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs |
| Descriptive Statistics | Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics |
| Standard deviation | A measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean |
| Correlation | A relationship between two variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected on changes in the other variable |
| Correlation Coefficient | A number between -1 and 1 expressing degree of relationship between variables |
| Inferential Statistics | Describes if results are meaningful (chance or reliable) |
| Random Sample | A sample group of subjects selected by chance (no bias) |
| Representative Sample | A sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researchers are interested |
| Significant Difference | Psychologists accept a difference between the groups as "real" or significant when the probability that it might be due to an atypical sample drawn by chance is less than 5% |
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