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Psychology.Chapter10
Behavior in Social and Cultural Context
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions | Norms |
| A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior | Role |
| A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community | Culture |
| a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort | Entrapment |
| An area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and beliefs | Social Cognition |
| The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people's behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition | Attribution Theory |
| The tendency, in explaining other people's behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation | Fundamental Attribution error |
| The tendency, in explaining one's own behavior, to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes | Self-Serving Bias |
| The notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded | Just-World Hypothesis |
| A belief about people. groups, ideas or activities | Attitude |
| Attitudes we are aware of | Explicit |
| Attitudes we are unaware of | Implicit |
| The study of how social roles, attitudes, relationships, and groups influence people to do things they would not necessarily do on their own- to act bravely, compassionately, aggressively, or even savagely | Social Psychology |
| The study of the broader influence of culture and ethnicity on roles and relationships in society | Cultural Psychology |
| Draws upon technologies from neuroscience to study the emotional and social processes underlying beliefs, prejudices and social behavior | Social Cognitive Neuroscience |
| When we identify the cause of an action as something in the situation or environment | Situational Attribution |
| When we identify the cause of an action as something in the person, such as a trait or a motive | Dispositional Attribution |
| A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior | Cognitive Dissonance |
| The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product or other stimulus that they have seen often | Familiarity Effect |
| The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times | Validity Effect |
| In close-knit groups, the tendency to for all members to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement | Groupthink |
| In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume others will | Diffusion of Responsibility |
| In crowds, when someone is in trouble, individuals often fail to take action or call for help because they assume that someone else will do so. | Bystander Apathy |
| Each member of a team slows down, letting others work harder | Social Loafing |
| In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality | Deindividuation |
| The willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others | Altruism |
| The part of person's self concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, or other social affiliation | Social Identity |
| A person's identification with a religious or ethnic group | Ethnic Identity |
| The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture | Acculturation |
| People who have strong ties both to their ethnicity and to the larger culture: They say, "I am proud of my heritage, but i identify just as much with my country" | Bicultural Identity |
| People who have weak feelings of ethnicity but a strong sense of acculturation: Their attitude, for example might be, "I'm an American, period." | Assimilation Identity |
| People who have a strong sense of ethnic identity but weak feelings of acculturation | Ethnic Separatist Identity |
| People connected to neither their ethnicity nor the dominant culture: They may not want to identify with any ethnic or national group, or they feel that they don't belong anywhere | Marginal Identity |
| The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others | Ethnocentrism |
| A summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral) | Stereotype |
| A negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group | Prejudice |
| Measures the speed of people’s positive and negative associations to a target group | Implicit Association Test |
| Prejudice declines when people have the chance to get used to one another's rules, food, music, customs, and attitudes, thereby discovering their shared interests and shared humanity | Contact Hypothesis |
Created by:
elyk01
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