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Health PSY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pain | A conscious experience |
| pain stimulus | something that typically causes pain -can have pain w/o a pain stimulus |
| behavioral indicators | -person can be in pain w/o exhibiting pain behaviors - a person can exhibit pain behaviors w/o being in pain |
| suffering | an emotional response |
| sadness -> suffering -> | agony, anguish, hurt |
| pain can happen w/o suffering | suffering can happen in the absence of pain |
| nociceptors | receptors in the nervous system that respond to a noxious stimuli - register mechanical, chemical, thermal, and other stimuli that have potential to damage cells -activation thresholds are the same within species |
| nociception | activity in those receptors |
| open the gate | physical-extent of injury, activity level:Emotional-anxiety, worry, depression;mental-focus on pain and boredom |
| close the gate | physical-medication, counter stimulation; emotional:happiness, optimism, relaxation; mental: intense concentration not in pain, distraction, involvement in life activities |
| 1986 | babies just got medication (didnt think they felt pain) |
| children feel pain just as intensely as adults | not administered pain meds as often as adults |
| tolerance | normal physical reaction to a drug: over time you may need more and more of drug to achieve same effect |
| addiction | psychological dependence: drug is taken b/c it allows psychological escape from tears, anxiety and depression |
| dont see tolerance with pain patients | rarely patients get addicted to pain meds |
| the issue | ppl choose narcotics as drug of abuse; neg attitudes towards ppl who take narcotics; doctors are in a tough position |
| the results | dr's prescribe less; nurse administer less; patients take less; suffer |
| neglect duration | focus on peak and end pain when evaluating now |
| acute | short, alarm system, pain goes away |
| chronic | broken alarm, intensity, not protective; gets worse over time |
| pain associated with suppressed immune system | stress makes pain worse |
| What helps patients cope with medical procedures | sensation information, relaxation techniques, procedure information, emotion-management techniques, distraction, social support |
| heat pain experiment | swearing, having a view (roommate), men tolerate pain better, amt of pain depends on gender of experimenter, women likely to get anti-anxiety instead of pain meds |
| disparities in pain treatment | people didnt study pain, only the disease that caused it. treated by people who did not specialize in it |
| why do x rays miss pain | they dont see where pain usually is, in the nerves |
| why are placebo effects important in clinical trials | compare to who is being treated, is it the thought that counts? |
| link between cognition and pain | are able to control pain with visual resources of brain |
| think yourself thinner | woman who found out the benefits of working lost more weight, could be because they worked harder after informed, changed diet, etc. |
| benedetti | inert pills have no effect but under the right conditions they do, reverses nocebo effect, eases discomfort but doesnt stop tumors |
| why are higher brain functioning especially susceptible to placebo effect | attempts to dominate central nervous system |
| why is placebo effect getting stronger | brand name association, clever names, relavant ads |
| can placebo effect be useful | it can be useful to see if effects are actually from drug vs the thought |
| theriac | made from viper's flesh |
| unicorns horn | sold for 10x its weight in gold |
| mandrake | used in shakespeare and harry potter |
| natural history effect | ailment runs its course |
| specific active components of a treatment | medical treatment (antibiotics), surgery, medicine |
| non-specific effects help a patient | placebo effects |
| placebo | any medical procedure that produces in effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent |
| placebo effects | very common, new drugs must be more effective |
| test for placebo effects | run a study with 3 groups of subjects, objectively measure your outcome |
| double blind studies | DO NOT PROPERLY TEST FOR PLACEBO EFFECT, only tells you if drug works better than placebo, doesnt account for natural history |
| objectively measure your outcome | no self-reported symptom, ideally measured by someone else |
| skin rash study | told non poisonous leaves are poison ivy: developed rash, told poisonous leaves are not poison ivy, non developed rash |
| placebo rogaine | 30% placebo had hair re growth, didnt account for no treatment group |
| placebo acupuncture for ibs | almost half got better, 1/3 of waiting list ppl got better, self-reported |
| placebo knee surgery | same outcomes |
| diseases placebos has not worked for | dialises, hiv, tumors |
| how health care provider behaves | if kind and warm and confident, placebo effect more likely to be seen |
| characteristics of patient for placebo | no personality effect, but belief counts |
| situational factors for placebo | what does pill/surgery look like, setting, complicated instructions, expensive pills, injections better than capsules better than tablets, gross tasting pills work better, cool colors for tranquilizing, hot colors for stimulating |
| how do placebos work | decrease anxiety and stress, endorphin release, classical conditions, may be more factors |
| problems with classical conditioning and placebos | placebos get stronger over time and cc shows extinction, placebos can do opposite of what they are supposed to do, placebos behave in culturally determined ways |
| expectations | key component to success of placebo |
| nocebo effects | just like placebo effects but inactive substances causes unpleasant effect |
| should doctors prescribe placebos | cheaper, safer drugs, patients seem to want the attention and confidence as much as the drug, might work particularly well for some ailments such as depression |
| 2 assumptions that have resulted in neglect to study spirituality | the assumption that spirituality cannot be studied scientifically and the assumption that spirituality should not be studied scientifically |
| why has measurement of spirituality/religion been poor in quality | often only consists of a single question, and spirituality has been narrowly conceived in terms of Western traditions of organized religion |
| how is religion different than spirituality | religion is the institution with defined believes and practices, spirituality is the relationship between sacred life |
| religious activities | prayer, church attendance, ppl who pray, and go to church more self reported good health, mental health, low mortality, and functional health |
| why healthier with religion | may promote healthier lifestyles, social support, demographics |
| ironson woods spirituality index | sense in peace, faith in god, religious behavior, compassionate view of others |
| negative association with religion | harsh judgement of others or from god associated with higher mortality |
| John of god video-faith healing | leader, social support, stress free environment, meditation, wear same outfit, placebo effect |
| eating psyc relevant to | child development, cognitive psych, social psych, health, personality, cultural |
| binge eating | excessive amount of food over short period of time |
| preload | small meal given immediately before another meal |
| debbie mac 3 things | dieters focus on rules rather than body signals, ppl now study dieters, great methodology |
| consumption of low fat pre load labeled high fat | dieters ate more, not necessarily caloric in take |
| consumption after high fat labeled low fat | didnt eat much because they think they didnt blow the diet so why now? |
| ice cream pre load | dieters who were given two milkshakes assume they blew their diet and eat more ice cream then non-dieters and dieters without a pre load |
| eating of non-dieters is influenced more by hunger than cognitive, social or emotional factors | eat less after pre load, high fat vs low fat doesnt matter, doesnt matter if stressed or someone else in the room |
| eating of dieters is influenced more by cognitive, social or emotional factors than hunger | eat more after pre load, eat more if they think pre load is high fat, eat more when stressed, dont eat more is person is in the room or preload is low fat |
| eating and memory | eating correlated with memory not hunger, memory impaired eat a second lunch, regular memory do not eat second lunch |
| children and eating | amount of calories at meals was highly variable, but amount of calories per day highly stable, regulate intake by day |
| minnesota starvation study | after starvation period and could eat whatever, they had a higher body fat and weight than control period, took a year to be normal, ate 11,000 calories per day |
| amount of food ppl eat is based on | hunger, dieting status, cognitive, social, emotional and developmental factors |
| starvation can lead to | psych disturbances, food obsessions, and these effects last long after food is available |
| Dr manns findings | of 10 reports, 1 lead to weight loss, 2 had no change, 7 gained weight after dieting |
| further proof | better to be active and a little over weight, then to be thin and not have ay fitness intake |
| definitions of diet success | used to be lose 66 lbs if 200, now 5% of starting weight |
| diet study without controls | 31-64% regain more than they lost after diet |
| self reported weights | people under report weight by 8lbs, more if obese |
| survey of dieters | 60% weighed more then starting weight at some point, 40% weigh more then starting weight now |
| womens definition of diet success | less than 20% reached goal, 25% reached acceptable |
| stress leads to weight gain | decreased physical activity, increase food intake, disrupted sleep, sns activation (increased caloric absorption), HPA axis (cortisol increase, insulin resistance and visceral fat deposition) |
| total cortisol output | restricting diet cortisol increased, not restricting diet cortisol did not change |
| chronic dieting associated with | cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, increased blood pressure, increase hdl, suppressed immune function, all cause mortality, shorter telomore length |
| effects of exercise | improved hr, blood pressure, waist circumference, and fitness even weight didnt decrease |
| purposes of doctor-patient communication | good relation ship (patient needs), exchange information (most people want all information), make medical decisions (ppl want to know all the info, but 1/3 want doc to make all calls) |
| instrumental | task oriented |
| affective content | showing care, emotional support |
| verbal vs non verbal | eye-contact, body language, attitude |
| privacy behaviors | gowns, etc. |
| high controlling | doctor only one who talks |
| low controlling | letting patient speak |
| medical language vs everyday | doctors think they use everyday language when they dont |
| satisfaction with doctor | highest info with empathy and info, lowest with info only |
| how to not get sued | personal, use more statements of what to expect, use more humor, laugh more, solicit opinions more, check that patients understand you more |
| content filtered study | voice concerned unlikely to be sued, voice sounded dominant likely to be sued |
| health outcomes better if | low controlling, more info seeking by patient, info giving by doctor |
| monitors | want to be aware of everything happening in body, cope best if given lots of information |
| blunters | try to distract and blunt sensations rather than feel them, cope best if given minimal info |
| poor doctor-patient communication | patients not aware of diagnosis, patients not told effects of meds, patients do not understand what patients say most of the time |
| capability | important for patients personal control and beliefs about their health |
| factors that influence childhood injuries | boys, low danger awareness, impulsive, high activity levels, do things for fun, not aware of parent expectations |
| why study child injury | advances in health care, scientific approach |
| risk factors for childhood injury | development and behaviors, important role in death, homicide, suicide and fire arms |
| out patients | cheaper, better tech, more comfortable being in own bed, ppl w/o social support may be difficult, problem with transportation |
| who pays in health insurance | employer, insurance purchaser, gov |
| uninsured people | higher mortality rate, more er visits for preventable conditions, decline in health until middle age |
| loss of insurance | less physician visits, worse control of chronic disease |
| ratings of health care | 1 france, 2 italy, 37 US out of 191 |
| unintentional injuries | physical damages to the body of a child, incurring in pain and trauma that are not intentionally inflicted on the child by another person |
| top causes of death ages 1-4 | unintentional injuries (drowning), developmental/genetic conditions, cancer |
| top causes of death ages 5-14 | unintentional injury (car accidents), cancer, homicide |
| passive prevention interventions | childproof caps on bottles, flammable fabrics act |
| active prevention interventions | review of the visit findings and corrections, instructions of safety devices, coupons for discount when purchasing recommended safety devices; fewer doctor visit with intervention, coupons not helpful |
| childhood hospitalization | less able to influence/understand what's happening, feelings of abandonment, punishment |
| sources of distress toddlers/preschoolers | lack of mobility, separation distress, punishment? seeing patients with disfigurements |
| sources of distress school age children | separation, punishment? loss of control, worrying, being away from friends, exposing body/ needs with personal activities |
| how to help distress | parents should be around, tours, puppet shows, videos, conversations |
| intervention video for kids | less anxiety before and after surgery |
| parents should | explain situation, give time for questions, read descriptive book, tour, explain routines,be calm and confident, describe when can be together |
| universal health care | medical coverage, differs by country, prescriptions?, supplemental insurance? medical savings account? physicians employed by gov? |
| commonsense model of illness | illness identity (name or symptoms), cause, timeline (how long disease develop), consequence |
| incorrect ideas about treatment | less preventative behaviors, less likely to seek treatment, less likely to follow medical advice, return to work sooner |
| lay referral network | not professional info and interpretation of symptoms |
| latrogenic condition | health problem resulting from medical treatment |
| appraisal delay | amount of time btwn noticing a problem and illness |
| illness delay | time from recognizing illness to decide to get care |
| utilization | time from deciding to get medical care to actually getting medical care |
| treatment delay | time btwn 1st noticing symptom to entering medical care |
| factors for influencing delay | a-sensory (severe pain, bleeding), i- thoughts about symptoms, u- perception of benefits and barriers, t- non illness events |
| hospitalization experience | sick, limited privacy, anxiety, waiting for info, restricted activity, dependency on others, distressing events |
| reducing stress at hospital | enhance sense of control (behavioral, cognitive, information) |
| less hypertension | info, info and behavior control |
| video of hip replacement | less anxiety, lower cortisol levels, fewer hypertension, less pain med |
| what do patients what | competence, kindness and autonomy respected |
| what do people think they want as patients | all autonomy |
| pros and cons of autonomy | ill patients often not in a good position to make good health decisions, but people like have their own autonomy |
| what is shared decision making, what is the patients responsibility and why is it good | its an approach where clinicians and patients make decisions together using best available evidence, patient responsibility- communication, its good because it respects autonomy and promotes patient engagement |
| what are decision aids, whens should they be used | interventions that support patients decisions, used with uncertainty of best treatment or there is more than one action |
| benefits of decision aids | people are better informed, less passive decision making, adhere to treatment regimens |
| challenges for shared decision making | expensive, ensure that tools are easily available and most current |
| majority of people are | pretty happy |
| happiness and age | it appears happiness increases with age, decreases at 75 (ailments) |
| happiness is not related to | gender, ethnicity, physical appearance, number of good events |
| if basic needs are unmet | unhappy |
| if basic needs met | wealth does not make people happier |
| ultra rich | money can increase and decrease happiness, overall level of happiness remains the same |
| how you spend your money CORRELATES with happiness | increases if giving it away, decreases if keeping it for yourself |
| marital status CORRELATES with happiness | married more happy |
| attendance of religious services | more frequent, more happy |
| level of happiness | people have set level of happiness and it fluctuates day to day |
| happiness is | genetically influenced but is not genetically fixed (also relies on other factors) |
| influences that set happy level | genes 50%, life circumstances 10%, intentional activities 40% |
| strategies to make the best of things | PRP, permission to be human and fallible, reconstruct what went wrong and come up with useful lessons for the future, keep life in perspective with problems |
| experiments how to increase happiness | perform acts of kindness (all in one day), spend money on others, practice grateful thinking, visualize best possible self, be involved and engaged (FLOW), exercise, use humor, sing |
Created by:
mill4987
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