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Psych 105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three Criteria for Establishing Causation | Presence, Precedence and Strength of Influence |
| Presence | The presumed cause must be present when the effect is present |
| Precedence | The presumed cause must precede the effect |
| Strength of Influence | Relationship between the amounts of causes and effects |
| Four Threats to Internal Validity | Confounding Factors, Participant Motivations, Placebo Effect and Experimenter Expectancy Effects |
| Three Threats to External Validity | Artificial Lab Setting, College Sophomore Problem, Volunteer Participants |
| Goals of the Codes of Conduct | Publicize standards of protection of unethical professionals and professions |
| Respect for Rights and Dignity | Respect and protect human civil rights, cultural differences, and decision making |
| Beneficence and Nonmaleficence | Being in the state of kind and beneficial, and not harming the patient |
| Fidelity and Responsibility | Responsibility to society, recognizing your limits and the ethics of others |
| Integrity | Be accurate, honest and understand the need and consequences of deception |
| Justice | Equal opportunity and quality for all |
| Informed Consent | Explanation of goals, risks, costs, fees, benefits, contact and options |
| Benefits of Informed Consent | Decreased anxiety, increase compliance, more favorable view of therapists even if they choose to not participate |
| Studies where the Informed Consent weren't enough: | Milgram and Zimbardo |
| Confidentiality | Expectations of communication and recorded information |
| Duty to Warn | Patient must know that you can break confidentiality if intent to harm an identifiable person |
| Emotional Objectivity | Avoid dual relationships and boundary violations |
| Efficacy of Treatment | Must develop and maintain competence and standard of care |
| Self Help | A book or method that oversimplifies, no discussion of other points, and shown to be false but used for a profit |
| Benefits of Self Help | Reduced time spent with a therapist, gain information about therapies, benefit treatment interventions and prevent problems |
| Risks of Self Help | People aren't properly assessed, bring others into the process, worsen the problem, reduce self-image, and reduce motivation |
| Barnum Effect | Make sure claims are so general that something in them will ALWAYS apply to everyone and anyone |
| False Consensus | A claim about how "everyone say it works" or it's a tradition |
| Just World Hypothesis | Good things happen to good people and vice versa |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | If someone does something wrong it's their fault but if we do something wrong its situational |
| Self-Serving Bias | Our successes are internal but our faults are external |
| Confirm the View Bias | We look for and emphasize information that is consistent with our expectations (Rosenhann Studies - schizophrenia) |
| The Human Problem | Scientists are human and their reasoning can be subjective and faulty |
| Scientific Attitude consists of: | Personal objectivity, open minded, question everything, don't oversimplify, be open to error |
| Empirical Testing | Judgements based on observation and examination |
| Systematic Testing | Sequence tests to rule out competing explanations |
| Objective Measurement | Judgements about the world based on measurements free of emotion, opinion etc. |
| Scientific Breakthrough Myth | The false belief that science creates QUICK and BIG answers |
| Scientific Hypothesis | Predictions about specific changes or transformations observe in empirical studies |
| Scientific Theory | Explanation about a pattern of changes |
| Principle of Connectivity | Scientific ideas must be connected to results from empirical studies and connect to real world |
| Principle of Falsifiability | Scientific ideas must predict an expected pattern of empirical studies (must be testable and specific enough to be wrong) |
| The more specific the hypothesis: the better or worse? | Better |
| Principle of Convergence | Confidence that something is true increased when difference researchers find the same thing |
| Benefits of Diverging Evidence | Calls for more research and revision of theory |
| Principle of Public Verification | Public knowledge and debate of results is important |
| Random Selection | Draw a sample from the population |
| Random Sample | Draw a sample that is based off of a population representation |
| Random Assignment | Assigning that sample to certain groups |
Created by:
jzappalla
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