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EVS Exam 3
Environmental Science 195 -
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define mineral resources; | Concentration of matter that can be extracted and processed at affordable cost. |
| most compounds of oxides or sulfides are examples of __________ metallic resources | non-renewable |
| sand, gravel and cement are examples of __________ non-metallic resources | non-renewable |
| mineral reserves are _____, _____, or _____. | identified, marginal, sub-economic. |
| mineral resources are _____ or _____. | hypothetical or speculative |
| identified mineral reserves can be produced _____ | now. |
| marginal mineral reserves have a known location and can be produced if the price _____ | increases |
| sub-economic mineral reserves have a known location and can cost _____ to _____ times more. | 3/5 |
| hypothetical mineral resources are undiscovered resources in a _____ area. | known |
| speculative mineral resources are undiscovered resources in a _____ area. | unknown. |
| Identify the rock forming processes that produce mineral resources. | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. |
| How are reserves discovered/identified? | reserves are discovered by satellite imaging, aerial photos, seismic studies, and drilling. |
| surface mining accounts for _____ percent of all mines. | 90 |
| surface mining accounts for _____ percent of coal mines; | 60 |
| surface mining includes _____, ______, ______, _____, and ______. | open pit, dredging, area strip mine, contour strip removal, hilltop removal. |
| subsurface mining includes _____. | shaft and gallery mines. |
| True or False; subsurface mining is expensive, leaves a lot of the resource behind, and is hazardous. | True |
| waste materials in mining are also known as what? | tailings. |
| What percentage of mined material on average is waste or "tailings?" | 80% |
| define smelting; | melting ore and removing the impurities. |
| During the refining process, what percentage of Iron is wasted? | 60% |
| During the refining process, what percentage of copper is wasted? | 99% |
| During the refining process, what percentage of Gold is wasted? | 99.99% |
| During the refining process, what percentage of lead is wasted? | 97.5% |
| During the refining process, what percentage of aluminum is wasted? | 81% |
| True or False; refining uses lots of air/water? | True |
| True or False; refining heavily pollutes air and water? | True |
| The US steel industry uses as much energy as _____ million homes. | 90 |
| How many surface and sub-surface mines exist in the USA? | 500,000 |
| True or False; reclamation is not required for coal mines. | False |
| What percent of watersheds in the USA experience runoff issues due to mining? | 40% |
| In the USA, _____ percent of ALL toxic emissions are directly related to mining. | 50% |
| The amount of reserves depend on _____ & _____ supply and _____ | actual/potential/rate of use. |
| Depletion time of a resource is defined as the time it takes to use _____ percent of a reserve. | 80% |
| True or False; approximately only 1 in 10,000 sites are productive? | True |
| What percentage of our energy comes from the sun? | 99% |
| What percentage of our energy comes from alternate resources? (sources other than the sun)? | 1% |
| In the USA, _____ percent of commercial energy used is non-renewable. | 92% |
| In the USA, _____ percent of commercial energy use is renewable. | 8% |
| As an average, what percentage the world commercial energy use comes non-renewable resources? | 82% |
| Coal use in the USA has dropped by what percent? | 7% |
| Oil use in the USA has increased by _____ percent, and natural gas use has increased by _____ percent. | 1%/2% |
| About what percentage of the world's population uses 24% of the world's commercial energy? | 4.6% |
| True or False; India contains 16% of the world's population but uses only 3% of the world's energy? | True |
| Approximately how long does it take to switch to new energy sources? | 50 years. |
| What is the net energy of natural gas? | 4.9:1 |
| What is the net energy of gasoline? | 4.1:1 |
| What is the net energy of biofuels? | 0.7:1 |
| What is the approximate average net energy of "alternate" fuel sources? | 2.5:1 |
| Oil is formed by the _____ of marine microorganisms. | decomposition |
| What is the average percentage of oil recovered from a well? | 35% |
| What is the average percentage of oil recovered from a well during secondary recovery? | 10%-25% |
| Saudi Arabia contains what percentage of the world's oil supply? | 26% |
| True or False; After Saudi Arabia, Iraq contains the most oil at 10% | True |
| The USA has _____ percent of the world's oil supply, and uses 1/4 of the world's oil. | 3% |
| The USA imports _____ percent of the current supply of oil. | 55% |
| The USA uses about _____ million barrels of oil a day. | 22 |
| True or False; the world uses 100 million barrels of oil a day? | False- 86 million |
| How many gallons is a barrel of crude oil? | 42 |
| Crude oil is a mix of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ | gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, other minor components |
| The world's oil supply is estimated to last approximately _____ to _____ years. | 62/93 |
| Natural Gas is a mix of _____, _____, _____, and _____/ | methane, ethane, butane, propane. |
| True or False; Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Qatar, and the USA are the largest sources of natural gas? | True |
| The world's natural gas supply is estimate to last approximately _____ to ______ more years. | 200/300 |
| methane makes up approximately ______ to ______ percent of natural gas. | 50%/90% |
| Ethane, propane, and butane make up about _____ to _____ percent of natural gas. | 10%/50% |
| True or False; gasoline is estimated to last approximately 80-125 more years? | True |
| How is coal formed? | Coal is formed by the decomposition of land plant material (swamps). |
| What grades does coal occur in (based on Carbon content)? | anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat. |
| Anthracite is more than _____ percent Carbon. | 98% |
| Bituminous is approximately _____ to ______ percent carbon? | 50%-97% |
| Lignite is about _____ to _____ percent carbon? | 25%-49% |
| True or False; peat is less than 25% Carbon? | True |
| What percentage of all commercial energy comes from Coal? | 21% |
| Coal produces ______ percent of the world's electricity? | 62% |
| It is believed that the USA contains ______ percent of known coal reserves? (and 88% of undiscovered reserves) | 66% |
| The world's coal supply is estimate to last how much longer? | 215-1,125 years. |
| True or False; Coal is not cheap, abundant or the most polluting form of energy. | False |
| Nuclear Energy is produced by using heat from Nuclear processes to..? | make steam that turns turbines and makes electricity. |
| Nuclear power has been in steady production since what year? | 1989 |
| Nuclear Energy accounts for what percent of all commercial energy? | 6% |
| How many Nuclear power plants are in the USA? | 104 |
| How many contaminated sites exist due to radioactive waste? | 45,000 |
| What is energy efficiency defined as? | the percent of energy input that does useful work. |
| In the USA, what percentage of all commercial energy is wasted? | 84% |
| Of the energy wasted in the USA, what percent is converted to heat? (2nd law of thermodynamics) | 41% |
| Of the energy wasted in the USA, what percent is wasted due to non-efficent machines and poor building design? | 43% |
| The USA is _____ percent energy efficient? | 16% |
| Incandescent lights are only _____ percent efficient? | 5% |
| the internal combustion engine is about _____ percent efficient? | 10% |
| Nuclear power is about _____ percent efficient? | 8% |
| CFLs are about what percent energy efficient? | 22% |
| Improved energy efficiency saves about how much money each year? | $1 trillion dollars |
| True or False; Solar energy can be used to provide heating of homes and water, and provides electricity through solar cells. | True |
| Solar energy current accounts for what percentage of commercial energy use? | 1% |
| By 2025/2050, solar energy may provide what percentage of energy? | 25% |
| Solar energy has a high net energy and is about what percent energy efficient? | 90% |
| Solar energy systems last about _____ to _____ years? | 20-40 |
| True or False; solar energy is non-polluting and has a low environmental impact? | true |
| A downside of solar energy is that it requires light about what percent of the time? | 60% |
| Hydro power is about _____ percent energy efficient? | 80% |
| What percentage of the world's power does hydropower currently supply? | 6% |
| True or False; Hydropower is cheap electricity with low pollution and provides flood control? | true |
| True or False; downsides of hydropower are expense, filling surrounding area with sediment, and inhibited animal migration? | true |
| Wind farms current supply what percentage of commercial energy? | 1% |
| By 2020, wind may supply what percent of commercial energy? | 10% |
| True or False; Wind energy is about 80% energy efficient? | True |
| What is biomass? | any organic material used for fuel |
| Solid biomass may include what? | wood/manure |
| Biomass supplies what percent of the worlds energy? | 11% |
| Biomass supplies what percentage of the US energy? | 4% |
| true or false; By 2010, biomass may supply 9% of the USA energy | true |
| True or False; biomass produces no net CO2? | true |
| Geothermal Power is generated by what? | steam/hot water. |
| The troposphere exists where? | 0-11mi (0-5mi at poles) |
| The troposphere contains about _____ to _____ percent of mass of atmosphere. | 75%-80% |
| The troposphere has the most _____ and _____. | circulation/weather |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent nitrogen? | 78% |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent oxygen? | 21% |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent argon? | 0.8% |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent carbon dioxide? | 0.037% |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent other materials? | 0.001% |
| The stratosphere exists where? | 11-30mi |
| The stratosphere has nearly the same composition as the troposphere except that it has no _____? | water |
| The stratosphere filters out what percent of UV radiation? | 95% |
| True or False: most ozone occurs in the troposphere and at the base of the stratosphere (14-15mi) | True. |
| The mesosphere exists where? | 30-50mi |
| The troposphere is composed of _____ to _____ percent water? | 0.01%-4% |
| The thermosphere exists where? | 50-75mi |
| True or False: although the temperature decreases from the stratosphere to the mesosphere, it increases from the mesosphere to thermosphere because of direct heating from sunlight? | true |
| Air pollution is defined as the presence of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere that cause harm to _____, _____, _____, and _____ or alter the _____. | animals, plants, humans, materials, climate. |
| List all major types of outdoor air pollution? | carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, SPM, photochemical oxidants, radioactive material, HAPs |
| What are two common types of VOCs? | propane, CFC |
| _____ pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere in potentially harmful form. | primary. |
| _____ pollutants are emitted and react with the atmosphere/each other. | secondary. |
| The US government monitors _____ standards of pollutants. | six. |
| The six pollutants the US government monitors are _____. _____. _____, _____, _____, and _____. | carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, SPM, ozone, lead. |
| Smog is a mix of what? | smoke and fog. |
| Photochemical smog is a mix of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of what? | sunlight. |
| What is the most common form of smog? | ozone? |
| where is industrial smog (gray smog) commonly found? | Asia |
| There are _____ common indoor air pollutants? | 11 |
| Indoor air pollution is generally _____ to _____ times higher concentration. | 2-5 |
| pesticide pollution is generally _____ times higher indoors | 10 |
| fine particulates are about ______ percent higher in indoor air pollution? | 60% |
| People spend approximately _____ to _____ percent indoors. | 70%-98% |
| True or False; the EPA estimates indoor air pollution as the number one source of cancer risk? | true |
| Indoor air pollution costs about _____ dollars per year. | 100 billion |
| The top indoor air pollutants are; _____, _____, and _____. | smoke, radon, formaldehyde. |
| Methane is about _____ times more potent at trapping heat than CO2? | 10 |
| CFCs are about _____ times more potent than CO2 at trapping heat? | 14,000 |
| define placer mining; | mining that uses running water to separate mud/gravel from heavier minerals of value. |
| True or False; The General Mining Act of 1872 allowed any US citizen to stake a claim on any US land open to mining? | true |
| The General Mining Act of 1872 allows any citizen who has claimed land that is open to mining to patent the claim (buy land) for about _____ dollars per acre. | $5 |
| discovery of new reserves, new extraction technologies, changing social and tech dynamics, consumption patterns, and recycling all affect how long _________? | mineral deposits may last |
| True or False? In 2010, US military geologists discovered reserves of iron, copper, etc in Afghanistan estimated to be worth over 900 billion dollars. | True |
| Currently, the USA is 100 percent dependent on imports for _____ of the 63 major minerals on which the USGS reports annually. | 19 |
| each cellphone sold contains about _____ chemical compounds. | 200 |
| In 2005, it was estimated that about ______ million old cellphones were unused. | 500 |
| only about _____ percent of old phones are recycled. | 10% |
| fossil fuels were formed by organisms that lived _____ to _____ million years ago. | 100-500 |
| organic matter that goes slow anaerobic decomposition forms what? | kerogen |
| In the formation of fossil fuels, geothermal heating acts on kerogen to form _____ and _____ | crude oil/natural gas |
| Fossil Fuels form depending on four factors that include _____, _____, _____, and _____. | chemical composition of starting material, temperature and pressure, the presence or lack of anaerobic decomposers, time. |
| So far, we have used about ______ barrels of oil | 1.1 trillion |
| To estimate how long our remaining oil will last, scientist use a ________ ratio where remaining reserves are divided by annual rate of production. | reserve-to-production. |
| What geologist predicted (in 1956) that US oil production would peak in 1970? | M. King Hubbert |
| Writer James Howard Kunstler developed a scenario called "______" that described post-oil-peak world. | the long emergency |
| Oil shale is sedimentary rock filled with _____? | Kerogen |
| Once mined, oil shale can be burned or baked in the presence of Hydrogen to form liquid petroleum. this process is known as _____? | pyrolysis. |
| Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) is the process of? | capturing carbon dioxide emissions and liquifying them so that they can be stored underground. |
| Fission in Nuclear power creates unstable isotopes called what? | radioisotopes |
| What percent of electrical demand occurs in daytime hours? | 70% |
| the EPA classifies SPM pollution as any particle smaller than? | PM10 (1/7 width of human hair) |
| as of 2008, 127 million american lived in counties that? | violated the NAAQ (nat ambient air quality) standards |
| carbon monoxide emissions come primarily from where? | Vehicles (78% of CO emissions) |
| sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution occurs mainly from? | combustion of coal for energy |
| nitrogen dioxide occurs when? | nitrogen and oxygen react at the high temps created by combustion engines. |
| ozone pollution occurs when what three things react? | nitrogen oxides, sunlight/heat, VOCs |
| identified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to ______ more years. | 60-225 |
| unidentified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to _____ more years. | 100-900 |
| biogas is about _____ percent methane and _____ percent CO2. | 60%/40% |
| biogas is less than _____ percent effective? | 50% |
| what is the net energy of Nuclear power? | 1.5:1 |
| what is the net energy of solar/wind power? | 2.5:1 |
| what is the net energy of ethanol? | 0.6-1.8:1 |
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