mineral reserves are _____, _____, or _____.

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EVS Exam 3

Environmental Science 195 -

Question	Answer
define mineral resources;	Concentration of matter that can be extracted and processed at affordable cost.
most compounds of oxides or sulfides are examples of __________ metallic resources	non-renewable
sand, gravel and cement are examples of __________ non-metallic resources	non-renewable
mineral reserves are _____, _____, or _____.	identified, marginal, sub-economic.
mineral resources are _____ or _____.	hypothetical or speculative
identified mineral reserves can be produced _____	now.
marginal mineral reserves have a known location and can be produced if the price _____	increases
sub-economic mineral reserves have a known location and can cost _____ to _____ times more.	3/5
hypothetical mineral resources are undiscovered resources in a _____ area.	known
speculative mineral resources are undiscovered resources in a _____ area.	unknown.
Identify the rock forming processes that produce mineral resources.	igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.
How are reserves discovered/identified?	reserves are discovered by satellite imaging, aerial photos, seismic studies, and drilling.
surface mining accounts for _____ percent of all mines.	90
surface mining accounts for _____ percent of coal mines;	60
surface mining includes _____, ______, ______, _____, and ______.	open pit, dredging, area strip mine, contour strip removal, hilltop removal.
subsurface mining includes _____.	shaft and gallery mines.
True or False; subsurface mining is expensive, leaves a lot of the resource behind, and is hazardous.	True
waste materials in mining are also known as what?	tailings.
What percentage of mined material on average is waste or "tailings?"	80%
define smelting;	melting ore and removing the impurities.
During the refining process, what percentage of Iron is wasted?	60%
During the refining process, what percentage of copper is wasted?	99%
During the refining process, what percentage of Gold is wasted?	99.99%
During the refining process, what percentage of lead is wasted?	97.5%
During the refining process, what percentage of aluminum is wasted?	81%
True or False; refining uses lots of air/water?	True
True or False; refining heavily pollutes air and water?	True
The US steel industry uses as much energy as _____ million homes.	90
How many surface and sub-surface mines exist in the USA?	500,000
True or False; reclamation is not required for coal mines.	False
What percent of watersheds in the USA experience runoff issues due to mining?	40%
In the USA, _____ percent of ALL toxic emissions are directly related to mining.	50%
The amount of reserves depend on _____ & _____ supply and _____	actual/potential/rate of use.
Depletion time of a resource is defined as the time it takes to use _____ percent of a reserve.	80%
True or False; approximately only 1 in 10,000 sites are productive?	True
What percentage of our energy comes from the sun?	99%
What percentage of our energy comes from alternate resources? (sources other than the sun)?	1%
In the USA, _____ percent of commercial energy used is non-renewable.	92%
In the USA, _____ percent of commercial energy use is renewable.	8%
As an average, what percentage the world commercial energy use comes non-renewable resources?	82%
Coal use in the USA has dropped by what percent?	7%
Oil use in the USA has increased by _____ percent, and natural gas use has increased by _____ percent.	1%/2%
About what percentage of the world's population uses 24% of the world's commercial energy?	4.6%
True or False; India contains 16% of the world's population but uses only 3% of the world's energy?	True
Approximately how long does it take to switch to new energy sources?	50 years.
What is the net energy of natural gas?	4.9:1
What is the net energy of gasoline?	4.1:1
What is the net energy of biofuels?	0.7:1
What is the approximate average net energy of "alternate" fuel sources?	2.5:1
Oil is formed by the _____ of marine microorganisms.	decomposition
What is the average percentage of oil recovered from a well?	35%
What is the average percentage of oil recovered from a well during secondary recovery?	10%-25%
Saudi Arabia contains what percentage of the world's oil supply?	26%
True or False; After Saudi Arabia, Iraq contains the most oil at 10%	True
The USA has _____ percent of the world's oil supply, and uses 1/4 of the world's oil.	3%
The USA imports _____ percent of the current supply of oil.	55%
The USA uses about _____ million barrels of oil a day.	22
True or False; the world uses 100 million barrels of oil a day?	False- 86 million
How many gallons is a barrel of crude oil?	42
Crude oil is a mix of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____	gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, other minor components
The world's oil supply is estimated to last approximately _____ to _____ years.	62/93
Natural Gas is a mix of _____, _____, _____, and _____/	methane, ethane, butane, propane.
True or False; Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Qatar, and the USA are the largest sources of natural gas?	True
The world's natural gas supply is estimate to last approximately _____ to ______ more years.	200/300
methane makes up approximately ______ to ______ percent of natural gas.	50%/90%
Ethane, propane, and butane make up about _____ to _____ percent of natural gas.	10%/50%
True or False; gasoline is estimated to last approximately 80-125 more years?	True
How is coal formed?	Coal is formed by the decomposition of land plant material (swamps).
What grades does coal occur in (based on Carbon content)?	anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat.
Anthracite is more than _____ percent Carbon.	98%
Bituminous is approximately _____ to ______ percent carbon?	50%-97%
Lignite is about _____ to _____ percent carbon?	25%-49%
True or False; peat is less than 25% Carbon?	True
What percentage of all commercial energy comes from Coal?	21%
Coal produces ______ percent of the world's electricity?	62%
It is believed that the USA contains ______ percent of known coal reserves? (and 88% of undiscovered reserves)	66%
The world's coal supply is estimate to last how much longer?	215-1,125 years.
True or False; Coal is not cheap, abundant or the most polluting form of energy.	False
Nuclear Energy is produced by using heat from Nuclear processes to..?	make steam that turns turbines and makes electricity.
Nuclear power has been in steady production since what year?	1989
Nuclear Energy accounts for what percent of all commercial energy?	6%
How many Nuclear power plants are in the USA?	104
How many contaminated sites exist due to radioactive waste?	45,000
What is energy efficiency defined as?	the percent of energy input that does useful work.
In the USA, what percentage of all commercial energy is wasted?	84%
Of the energy wasted in the USA, what percent is converted to heat? (2nd law of thermodynamics)	41%
Of the energy wasted in the USA, what percent is wasted due to non-efficent machines and poor building design?	43%
The USA is _____ percent energy efficient?	16%
Incandescent lights are only _____ percent efficient?	5%
the internal combustion engine is about _____ percent efficient?	10%
Nuclear power is about _____ percent efficient?	8%
CFLs are about what percent energy efficient?	22%
Improved energy efficiency saves about how much money each year?	$1 trillion dollars
True or False; Solar energy can be used to provide heating of homes and water, and provides electricity through solar cells.	True
Solar energy current accounts for what percentage of commercial energy use?	1%
By 2025/2050, solar energy may provide what percentage of energy?	25%
Solar energy has a high net energy and is about what percent energy efficient?	90%
Solar energy systems last about _____ to _____ years?	20-40
True or False; solar energy is non-polluting and has a low environmental impact?	true
A downside of solar energy is that it requires light about what percent of the time?	60%
Hydro power is about _____ percent energy efficient?	80%
What percentage of the world's power does hydropower currently supply?	6%
True or False; Hydropower is cheap electricity with low pollution and provides flood control?	true
True or False; downsides of hydropower are expense, filling surrounding area with sediment, and inhibited animal migration?	true
Wind farms current supply what percentage of commercial energy?	1%
By 2020, wind may supply what percent of commercial energy?	10%
True or False; Wind energy is about 80% energy efficient?	True
What is biomass?	any organic material used for fuel
Solid biomass may include what?	wood/manure
Biomass supplies what percent of the worlds energy?	11%
Biomass supplies what percentage of the US energy?	4%
true or false; By 2010, biomass may supply 9% of the USA energy	true
True or False; biomass produces no net CO2?	true
Geothermal Power is generated by what?	steam/hot water.
The troposphere exists where?	0-11mi (0-5mi at poles)
The troposphere contains about _____ to _____ percent of mass of atmosphere.	75%-80%
The troposphere has the most _____ and _____.	circulation/weather
The troposphere is composed of _____ percent nitrogen?	78%
The troposphere is composed of _____ percent oxygen?	21%
The troposphere is composed of _____ percent argon?	0.8%
The troposphere is composed of _____ percent carbon dioxide?	0.037%
The troposphere is composed of _____ percent other materials?	0.001%
The stratosphere exists where?	11-30mi
The stratosphere has nearly the same composition as the troposphere except that it has no _____?	water
The stratosphere filters out what percent of UV radiation?	95%
True or False: most ozone occurs in the troposphere and at the base of the stratosphere (14-15mi)	True.
The mesosphere exists where?	30-50mi
The troposphere is composed of _____ to _____ percent water?	0.01%-4%
The thermosphere exists where?	50-75mi
True or False: although the temperature decreases from the stratosphere to the mesosphere, it increases from the mesosphere to thermosphere because of direct heating from sunlight?	true
Air pollution is defined as the presence of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere that cause harm to _____, _____, _____, and _____ or alter the _____.	animals, plants, humans, materials, climate.
List all major types of outdoor air pollution?	carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, SPM, photochemical oxidants, radioactive material, HAPs
What are two common types of VOCs?	propane, CFC
_____ pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere in potentially harmful form.	primary.
_____ pollutants are emitted and react with the atmosphere/each other.	secondary.
The US government monitors _____ standards of pollutants.	six.
The six pollutants the US government monitors are _____. _____. _____, _____, _____, and _____.	carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, SPM, ozone, lead.
Smog is a mix of what?	smoke and fog.
Photochemical smog is a mix of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of what?	sunlight.
What is the most common form of smog?	ozone?
where is industrial smog (gray smog) commonly found?	Asia
There are _____ common indoor air pollutants?	11
Indoor air pollution is generally _____ to _____ times higher concentration.	2-5
pesticide pollution is generally _____ times higher indoors	10
fine particulates are about ______ percent higher in indoor air pollution?	60%
People spend approximately _____ to _____ percent indoors.	70%-98%
True or False; the EPA estimates indoor air pollution as the number one source of cancer risk?	true
Indoor air pollution costs about _____ dollars per year.	100 billion
The top indoor air pollutants are; _____, _____, and _____.	smoke, radon, formaldehyde.
Methane is about _____ times more potent at trapping heat than CO2?	10
CFCs are about _____ times more potent than CO2 at trapping heat?	14,000
define placer mining;	mining that uses running water to separate mud/gravel from heavier minerals of value.
True or False; The General Mining Act of 1872 allowed any US citizen to stake a claim on any US land open to mining?	true
The General Mining Act of 1872 allows any citizen who has claimed land that is open to mining to patent the claim (buy land) for about _____ dollars per acre.	$5
discovery of new reserves, new extraction technologies, changing social and tech dynamics, consumption patterns, and recycling all affect how long _________?	mineral deposits may last
True or False? In 2010, US military geologists discovered reserves of iron, copper, etc in Afghanistan estimated to be worth over 900 billion dollars.	True
Currently, the USA is 100 percent dependent on imports for _____ of the 63 major minerals on which the USGS reports annually.	19
each cellphone sold contains about _____ chemical compounds.	200
In 2005, it was estimated that about ______ million old cellphones were unused.	500
only about _____ percent of old phones are recycled.	10%
fossil fuels were formed by organisms that lived _____ to _____ million years ago.	100-500
organic matter that goes slow anaerobic decomposition forms what?	kerogen
In the formation of fossil fuels, geothermal heating acts on kerogen to form _____ and _____	crude oil/natural gas
Fossil Fuels form depending on four factors that include _____, _____, _____, and _____.	chemical composition of starting material, temperature and pressure, the presence or lack of anaerobic decomposers, time.
So far, we have used about ______ barrels of oil	1.1 trillion
To estimate how long our remaining oil will last, scientist use a ________ ratio where remaining reserves are divided by annual rate of production.	reserve-to-production.
What geologist predicted (in 1956) that US oil production would peak in 1970?	M. King Hubbert
Writer James Howard Kunstler developed a scenario called "______" that described post-oil-peak world.	the long emergency
Oil shale is sedimentary rock filled with _____?	Kerogen
Once mined, oil shale can be burned or baked in the presence of Hydrogen to form liquid petroleum. this process is known as _____?	pyrolysis.
Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) is the process of?	capturing carbon dioxide emissions and liquifying them so that they can be stored underground.
Fission in Nuclear power creates unstable isotopes called what?	radioisotopes
What percent of electrical demand occurs in daytime hours?	70%
the EPA classifies SPM pollution as any particle smaller than?	PM10 (1/7 width of human hair)
as of 2008, 127 million american lived in counties that?	violated the NAAQ (nat ambient air quality) standards
carbon monoxide emissions come primarily from where?	Vehicles (78% of CO emissions)
sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution occurs mainly from?	combustion of coal for energy
nitrogen dioxide occurs when?	nitrogen and oxygen react at the high temps created by combustion engines.
ozone pollution occurs when what three things react?	nitrogen oxides, sunlight/heat, VOCs
identified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to ______ more years.	60-225
unidentified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to _____ more years.	100-900
biogas is about _____ percent methane and _____ percent CO2.	60%/40%
biogas is less than _____ percent effective?	50%
what is the net energy of Nuclear power?	1.5:1
what is the net energy of solar/wind power?	2.5:1
what is the net energy of ethanol?	0.6-1.8:1

Created by: ajohnston92689

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