Environmental Science 195 -
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| define mineral resources; | show 🗑
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| most compounds of oxides or sulfides are examples of __________ metallic resources | show 🗑
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| sand, gravel and cement are examples of __________ non-metallic resources | show 🗑
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| show | identified, marginal, sub-economic.
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| mineral resources are _____ or _____. | show 🗑
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| show | now.
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| marginal mineral reserves have a known location and can be produced if the price _____ | show 🗑
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| sub-economic mineral reserves have a known location and can cost _____ to _____ times more. | show 🗑
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| show | known
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| show | unknown.
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| Identify the rock forming processes that produce mineral resources. | show 🗑
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| How are reserves discovered/identified? | show 🗑
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| show | 90
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| surface mining accounts for _____ percent of coal mines; | show 🗑
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| show | open pit, dredging, area strip mine, contour strip removal, hilltop removal.
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| show | shaft and gallery mines.
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| True or False; subsurface mining is expensive, leaves a lot of the resource behind, and is hazardous. | show 🗑
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| waste materials in mining are also known as what? | show 🗑
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| show | 80%
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| define smelting; | show 🗑
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| show | 60%
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| show | 99%
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| During the refining process, what percentage of Gold is wasted? | show 🗑
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| show | 97.5%
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| show | 81%
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| show | 90
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| How many surface and sub-surface mines exist in the USA? | show 🗑
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| True or False; reclamation is not required for coal mines. | show 🗑
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| What percent of watersheds in the USA experience runoff issues due to mining? | show 🗑
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| In the USA, _____ percent of ALL toxic emissions are directly related to mining. | show 🗑
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| The amount of reserves depend on _____ & _____ supply and _____ | show 🗑
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| Depletion time of a resource is defined as the time it takes to use _____ percent of a reserve. | show 🗑
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| True or False; approximately only 1 in 10,000 sites are productive? | show 🗑
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| show | 99%
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| show | 1%
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| show | 92%
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| In the USA, _____ percent of commercial energy use is renewable. | show 🗑
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| show | 82%
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| Coal use in the USA has dropped by what percent? | show 🗑
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| show | 1%/2%
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| About what percentage of the world's population uses 24% of the world's commercial energy? | show 🗑
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| True or False; India contains 16% of the world's population but uses only 3% of the world's energy? | show 🗑
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| Approximately how long does it take to switch to new energy sources? | show 🗑
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| show | 4.9:1
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| What is the net energy of gasoline? | show 🗑
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| What is the net energy of biofuels? | show 🗑
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| What is the approximate average net energy of "alternate" fuel sources? | show 🗑
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| show | decomposition
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| show | 35%
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| What is the average percentage of oil recovered from a well during secondary recovery? | show 🗑
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| show | 26%
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| True or False; After Saudi Arabia, Iraq contains the most oil at 10% | show 🗑
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| The USA has _____ percent of the world's oil supply, and uses 1/4 of the world's oil. | show 🗑
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| The USA imports _____ percent of the current supply of oil. | show 🗑
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| The USA uses about _____ million barrels of oil a day. | show 🗑
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| True or False; the world uses 100 million barrels of oil a day? | show 🗑
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| show | 42
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| show | gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, other minor components
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| show | 62/93
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| Natural Gas is a mix of _____, _____, _____, and _____/ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | 200/300
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| show | 50%/90%
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| show | 10%/50%
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| show | True
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| show | Coal is formed by the decomposition of land plant material (swamps).
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| show | anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat.
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| show | 98%
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| Bituminous is approximately _____ to ______ percent carbon? | show 🗑
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| Lignite is about _____ to _____ percent carbon? | show 🗑
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| True or False; peat is less than 25% Carbon? | show 🗑
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| show | 21%
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| Coal produces ______ percent of the world's electricity? | show 🗑
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| It is believed that the USA contains ______ percent of known coal reserves? (and 88% of undiscovered reserves) | show 🗑
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| The world's coal supply is estimate to last how much longer? | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| Nuclear Energy is produced by using heat from Nuclear processes to..? | show 🗑
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| show | 1989
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| show | 6%
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| show | 104
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| show | 45,000
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| What is energy efficiency defined as? | show 🗑
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| In the USA, what percentage of all commercial energy is wasted? | show 🗑
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| Of the energy wasted in the USA, what percent is converted to heat? (2nd law of thermodynamics) | show 🗑
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| show | 43%
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| show | 16%
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| show | 5%
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| show | 10%
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| show | 8%
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| CFLs are about what percent energy efficient? | show 🗑
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| Improved energy efficiency saves about how much money each year? | show 🗑
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| True or False; Solar energy can be used to provide heating of homes and water, and provides electricity through solar cells. | show 🗑
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| show | 1%
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| show | 25%
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| show | 90%
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| show | 20-40
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| True or False; solar energy is non-polluting and has a low environmental impact? | show 🗑
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| A downside of solar energy is that it requires light about what percent of the time? | show 🗑
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| Hydro power is about _____ percent energy efficient? | show 🗑
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| show | 6%
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| show | true
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| show | true
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| Wind farms current supply what percentage of commercial energy? | show 🗑
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| By 2020, wind may supply what percent of commercial energy? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | any organic material used for fuel
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| Solid biomass may include what? | show 🗑
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| show | 11%
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| Biomass supplies what percentage of the US energy? | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| True or False; biomass produces no net CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | steam/hot water.
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| The troposphere exists where? | show 🗑
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| show | 75%-80%
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| The troposphere has the most _____ and _____. | show 🗑
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| show | 78%
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| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent oxygen? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.8%
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| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent carbon dioxide? | show 🗑
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| The troposphere is composed of _____ percent other materials? | show 🗑
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| The stratosphere exists where? | show 🗑
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| The stratosphere has nearly the same composition as the troposphere except that it has no _____? | show 🗑
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| The stratosphere filters out what percent of UV radiation? | show 🗑
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| True or False: most ozone occurs in the troposphere and at the base of the stratosphere (14-15mi) | show 🗑
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| The mesosphere exists where? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.01%-4%
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| show | 50-75mi
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| show | true
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| Air pollution is defined as the presence of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere that cause harm to _____, _____, _____, and _____ or alter the _____. | show 🗑
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| show | carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, SPM, photochemical oxidants, radioactive material, HAPs
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| show | propane, CFC
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| show | primary.
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| show | secondary.
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| show | six.
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| The six pollutants the US government monitors are _____. _____. _____, _____, _____, and _____. | show 🗑
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| Smog is a mix of what? | show 🗑
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| Photochemical smog is a mix of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of what? | show 🗑
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| show | ozone?
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| show | Asia
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| show | 11
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| show | 2-5
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| pesticide pollution is generally _____ times higher indoors | show 🗑
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| show | 60%
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| People spend approximately _____ to _____ percent indoors. | show 🗑
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| True or False; the EPA estimates indoor air pollution as the number one source of cancer risk? | show 🗑
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| Indoor air pollution costs about _____ dollars per year. | show 🗑
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| show | smoke, radon, formaldehyde.
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| Methane is about _____ times more potent at trapping heat than CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | 14,000
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| show | mining that uses running water to separate mud/gravel from heavier minerals of value.
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| show | true
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| The General Mining Act of 1872 allows any citizen who has claimed land that is open to mining to patent the claim (buy land) for about _____ dollars per acre. | show 🗑
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| discovery of new reserves, new extraction technologies, changing social and tech dynamics, consumption patterns, and recycling all affect how long _________? | show 🗑
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| True or False? In 2010, US military geologists discovered reserves of iron, copper, etc in Afghanistan estimated to be worth over 900 billion dollars. | show 🗑
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| Currently, the USA is 100 percent dependent on imports for _____ of the 63 major minerals on which the USGS reports annually. | show 🗑
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| each cellphone sold contains about _____ chemical compounds. | show 🗑
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| In 2005, it was estimated that about ______ million old cellphones were unused. | show 🗑
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| show | 10%
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| show | 100-500
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| organic matter that goes slow anaerobic decomposition forms what? | show 🗑
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| In the formation of fossil fuels, geothermal heating acts on kerogen to form _____ and _____ | show 🗑
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| show | chemical composition of starting material, temperature and pressure, the presence or lack of anaerobic decomposers, time.
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| So far, we have used about ______ barrels of oil | show 🗑
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| show | reserve-to-production.
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| show | M. King Hubbert
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| Writer James Howard Kunstler developed a scenario called "______" that described post-oil-peak world. | show 🗑
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| show | Kerogen
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| Once mined, oil shale can be burned or baked in the presence of Hydrogen to form liquid petroleum. this process is known as _____? | show 🗑
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| show | capturing carbon dioxide emissions and liquifying them so that they can be stored underground.
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| Fission in Nuclear power creates unstable isotopes called what? | show 🗑
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| What percent of electrical demand occurs in daytime hours? | show 🗑
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| show | PM10 (1/7 width of human hair)
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| show | violated the NAAQ (nat ambient air quality) standards
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| show | Vehicles (78% of CO emissions)
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| sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution occurs mainly from? | show 🗑
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| nitrogen dioxide occurs when? | show 🗑
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| show | nitrogen oxides, sunlight/heat, VOCs
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| identified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to ______ more years. | show 🗑
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| unidentified coal reserves in the USA may last _____ to _____ more years. | show 🗑
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| biogas is about _____ percent methane and _____ percent CO2. | show 🗑
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| biogas is less than _____ percent effective? | show 🗑
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| what is the net energy of Nuclear power? | show 🗑
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| show | 2.5:1
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| show | 0.6-1.8:1
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