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Thinking&Language
Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cognition | (thinking) refer to all the mental activities associtated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| concepts | mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people. |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories. |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particularproblem. contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone use heuristics. |
| insight | a suddend and often novel realization of th esolution to a probem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions. |
| conformation bias | a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a differnt mental set. |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
| reprsentativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info. |
| availability heuritic | estimationg the likelihood of events based on their availablity in memory. |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. |
| belief persverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| intution | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
| framing | the waay an issue is posed: how an issue is framed an significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
| phoneme | in languages, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning;may be a word or part of a word. |
| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
| semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, also, the study of meaning. |
| syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentensces in a given lanugage. |
| babbling stage | beginning at aobut 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant sponataneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from aobut age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
| two-word stage | beginning at about 2, during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-go car- using mostly nounds and verbs. |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage eirther to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area. |
| Broca's area | controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually left hemisphers, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| Wernicke's area | controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language dermines the way we think. |
| intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. |
| intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. |
| general intelligence (g) | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related item on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person't total score. |
| savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. |
| mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. |
| Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. |
| intelligence quotient (IQ) | defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assgned a score of 100. |
| achievement tests | a test designed to assess what a person has learned. |
| aptitude tests | a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)(WISC) for children | the WAIS is the most widely sed intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. |
| standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. |
| normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most scores fall near the averag, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. |
| reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. |
| validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behaivor that is of interest. |
| predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assess by computing the correlation between test score and the criterion behavior. |
| mental retardation | a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demand of life; varies from mild to profound. |
| Down syndrome | a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
| stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative sterotype. |
Created by:
JLee13
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