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AP PSYCHOLOGY VOCAB
Stack #79319
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| looking inward to understand the processes of conscious thought | introspection |
| key words: dream analysis, unconscious, childhood conflicts | psychoanalytic theory |
| theory that wanted to make psychology practical and useful in school and work environments | functionalism |
| theory that sees humans as distinct from animals and emphasizes each individual's unique potential | humanism |
| founded humanist psychology emphasizing personal-growth and client centered therapy | rogers |
| approach that views our personality traits as inherited from our ancestors, having aided their survival | evolutionary theory |
| opened first laboratory to study structures of consciousness; wanted to unite brain physiology and philosophy into psychology | wundt |
| functionalist who asserted that consciousness flows and wrote a major reference book in psychology | james |
| approach placing more emphasis on group pressures and cultural norms in determining our behavior | sociocultural |
| took behaviorism to a new level and claimed there is no free will since environment determines everything | skinner |
| watson | taught little albert to fear a white mouse by manipulating his environment |
| founder of the american psychological association | hall |
| received nobel prize for his split brain research | sperry |
| main concern of structuralists, functionalists, and gestalt psychologists | cognition |
| meta analysis | draws conclusions from the results of a multitude of studies rather than just one |
| group think | group emphasizes unanimous agreement |
| more people involved in a task, less effort is put forth by the individuals in the group | loafing (diffusion of responsibility) |
| defensive attribution | explaining someone else's failure as due to internal factors so as to give yourself a sense of security |
| deindividualism | loss of a sense of individuality due to group involvement |
| cognitive dissonance | discomfort that results when two thoughts are in conflict or our thoughts don't match our actions |
| explaining behavior in terms of situational factors | external attribution |
| view that the rights of individuals are more important than the social order | individualism |
| style of steady love involving more intimacy and commitment after the "highs" and "lows" subside | companionate |
| asking for a small request before asking for a larger request | foot in door technique |
| attribution in which one explains behavior in terms of personal dispositions | internal |
| when the source of a communication lacks trustworthiness | credibility |
| idea that actions dictate attitudes; not other way arround | self perception theory |
| reciprocity norm | someone gives us something before asking for a favor |
| tendency of groups to arrive at bolder decisions than each individual might have | risky shift phenomenon |
| group that one identifies with in contrast to those outside the group | ingroup |
| bias that occurs when reinterpreting the past to fit our awareness of how events actually turned out | hindsight |
| illusory correlation | one finds examples that confirm an erroneous belief and overlooks examples that would disconfirm it |
| longer a group of similar minded people discuss an issue, the more extreme their views become | group polarization |
| emphasizes social order over individual rights | collectivism |
| solomon asch | conformity (line test) |
| explaining your own success with internal attributes and your failures with external attributes | self serving bias |
| sales tactic in which you become hooked by a "bargain" before hidden costs are revealed | lowball |
| contain receptor sites for catching neurotransmitters in the post-synaptic neuron | dendrites |
| part of limbic system that helps form memories | hippocampus |
| lobe containing auditory cortex | temporal |
| cleft where neural process shifts from electrical to chemical | synapse |
| folded outer layer contains 2/3 of neurons | cerebral cortex |
| neurotransmitter for mood and alertness, affected by caffeine | norepinephrine |
| system that is more primitive than the cerebrum and is responsible for emotions, drives, and memories | limbic |
| division of brain that includes cerebellum, medulla, and pons | hindbrain |
| largest part of brain, where our complex cognition takes place | cerebrum |
| cell body of neuron | soma |
| decreases the liklihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials | inhibitory PSP |
| PSP increases likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials | excitatory |
| lobe containing sensory strip | parietal |
| negatively charged ions inside the axon | potassium |
| division of autonomic nervous system that is activated by limbic system in "fight or flight" | sympathetic |
| drug that mimics a neurotransmitter | agonist |
| sacks that hold neurotransmitters until they are ready for release | vesicle |
| acronym for antidepressant drugs | SSRI |
| device that measures electrical activity of brain through electrodes attached to scalp | EEG |
| keeps your heart beating and you breathing | medulla |
| lobe that contains motor strip | frontal lobe |
| area in left hemisphere for making speech | broca's area |
| neurotransmitter that is the body's natural opium or pain killer | endorphine |
| neurotransmitter for pleasurable emotions and voluntary movement; effected by cocaine | dopamine |
| division of peripheral nervous system involved in muscle movement and sensation | somatic |
| division of brain that includes cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system | forebrain |
| low amounts of this neurotransmitter may result in depression | serotonin |
| long fiber carries signal away from soma | axon |
| absolute refractory period | time in which neuron is incapable of firing |
| endocrine system | glands communicate via hormones |
| brain scan using radioactive chemicals | PET |
| positively charged ions outside axon | sodium |
| form of brain imaging that shows function as well as structure of brain parts | FMRI |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter stimulated by nicotine; lack of this results in Alzheimer's |
| lobe containing visual cortex | occipital |
| responsible for balance and coordination | cerebellum (first affected by alcohol) |
| thalamus | relays sensory information to various parts of cerebrum |
| reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the pre synaptic neuron | reuptake |
| hypothalamus (limbic system) | controls body temperature and basic biological drives like "fight or flight" responses |
| twins from one egg | monozygote- identicle |
| myelin | insulates teh axon and speeds neural firing |
| action potential | brief shift in neuron's electrical charge making it ready to fire |
| amygdala | emotional center of the limbic center |
| binocular depth cue that senses the eyes turning toward eachother as an object approaches | convergence |
| determines hue for vision and pitch for hearing | wavelength |
| processing from individual elements to the whole | bottom up |
| color blind person | dichromat |
| blind spot is from the ____ | optic disk- fibers leave the retina |
| feature analysis | detecting specific visual elements and assembling them into a more complex form |
| transduction of light into neural signals occurs here | retina |
| amplitude | height of wave that determines brightness of light or loudness of sound |
| top down | perceptual process from the whole to the individual elements such as recognizing a familiar face |
| idea that incoming pain can be blocked at the spinal cord | gate control theory |
| tendency to see things in a particular way | perceptual set |
| curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus | accommodation |
| ossicles | three little bones of inner ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup) |
| fluid fille dcanals in the ear that tell us if we are up or down | semicircular |
| retinal disparity | depth cue when image on left retina is from slightly different angle than image on right retina |
| sensory adaptation | graudal decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation |
| weber | explained why you notice when an extra candle is added to a room with two candles, and why you won't when its added to a room w/ 50 |
| distal stimuli | lie outside in the distance |
| trichromatic theory | we have three different receptors for different color perception |
| kinesthetic | which sensory system allows you to know where your arm is |
| cone | receptor cell in retina for light and color detection |
| gustatory sensory system | taste |
| images that appear directly on the retina | proximal stimuli |
| JND | acronym for the smallest detected change in the amout of stimulation |
| parrocellular | the "what channel" of visual perception |
| fovea | highest concentration of cone cells is in this part of the retina |
| gestalt principle in which we tend to see items grouped close together as one | proximity |
| opponent process theory | idea that color perception depends on bipolar receptors for r vs g, b vs y, and black vs white |
| agnosia | inability to recognize objects |
| vestibular sensory system | responds to gravity and informs us of where we are in space |
| rods | receptor cell for peripheral and night vision |
| basiliar membrane | inside cochlea that is lined with hair cells |
| signal detection theory | considers decision making processes as well as sensory processes |
| absolute threshold | amount of stimulus detectable at least half the time |
| motion parallax | monocular depth cue in which objects seem to move faster than distant objects outside a moving car |
| cilia | hair like structures important to olfactory transduction |
| choclea | fluid filled, coiled tunnel in inner ear where transduction of sound occurs |
| delta | brainwave patterns when one is in a deep sleep |
| sedatives | type of drugs that increase GABA; slowing other neural activity down |
| narcotics | type of drugs that affect endorphins |
| somnabulism | sleep walking |
| circadian | rhythm of the body in 24 hour cycles |
| synergistic | when drugs combined effects are greater than their individual effects |
| beta | brainwave pattern when one is awake and alert |
| what happens to REM and NREM sleep as people age | the amount decreases |
| SWS | acronym for sleep stages 3&4 |
| dissociation | splitting of our consciousness into 2 or more streams of awareness |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter of the "reward pathway" most responsible for drug abuse |
| effect of hypnosis where subject may resist pain | anesmesia |
| amephetamines | type of drugs that affect dopamine and norepinephrine |
| melatonin | pineal gland secretes this hormone that plays a key role in your biological clock |
| alpha | EEG brainwave when in deep relaxation and meditation |
| activation synthesis theory | dreams are the cortex trying to make sense of neural activity |
| theta | brainwaves during light sleep |
| sleep apnea | sleep disorder where an individual stops breathing |
| UCR | acronym for the response to the original stimulus; salivating to food |
| when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response again | punishment |
| powerful classically conditioned repulsion of certain tasting foods | stages of acquiring a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus |
| two or more reinforcement schedules operating simultaneously to bring about different responses | concurrent |
| thorndike | instrumental learning (precursor of operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning nazis used | propaganda |
| withdrawl symptoms | negative reinforcer |
| trace | timing of the CS begins and ends before UCS is presented |
| antecedent | event that preceds the targed behavior in the ABC process of operant conditioning |
| pavlov | discovered psychic reflexes could be elicited by associating an artificial stimulus with a natural one |
| conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus | higher order conditioning |
| shaping | step by step reinforcement of behaviors that get closer to the ultimate behavior |
| secondary reinforceers | symbolize primary reinforcers (like money) |
| watson | founder of behaviorist movement |
| prepardness | natural predisposition for different species to be conditioned in certain ways |
| bandura | observational (VICARIOUS) learning studied which explains humans more complex behaviors |
| facial feedback hypothesis | fake smile leads to real joy |
| thalamus signals what simultaneously | cortex and limbic system in experience of emotion |
| androgens | class of gonadal hormones produced more in males |
| polygraph | records autonomic fluctuations such as galvanic skin response and heard rate as subject answers questions |
| ekman | universal facial expressions: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger |
| higher levels of fat generate higher levels of this hormone which signals the brain when to get hungry | leptin |
| key androgen associated with sexual interest | testosterone |
| limbic system controls hunger | hypothalamus (what it controls) |
| James | psychologist theorized that the autonomic response precedes the experience of emotion |
| schachter | said emotions involve a label we give o our "feelings" according to our interpretation of each situation |
| cannon-bard | brain scientists who proposed that autonomic response and conscious emotional experience occur simultaneously |
| pheromone | hormone secreted by an animal that may serve to attract a mate |
| hippocampus | key brain part for storing memories |
| proactive interference | previously learned material inhibits the learning of new, similar material |
| deciding where you heard or read something is | source monitoring |
| engrams | physical traces of memory throughout a neural pathway |
| explicit memory | demands our conscious attention |
| anterograde | type of amnesia when you lose memories AFTER a head injury |
| multilevel classification system based on common properties | conceptual hierarchy |
| type of bias where you mold your interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out | hindsight |
| self referent encoding | how or whether information is personally relevant |
| sensory memory storage | has split second duration |
| transfer appropriate processing aids | recall when testing is similar to encoding (state dependent learning) |
| implicit | procedural memory including muscle memory; doesnt demand constant attention |
| loci | mnemonic method in which you imagine the material to be remembered in familiar location |
| three main processes of memory | encoding, storage, retrieval |
| misinformation effect | misleading information distorts eyewitness recall |
| episodic | autobiographical memory involves personal experiences |
| retroactive interference | new material inhibits the retention of previously learned material |
| decay | theory of forgetting that asserts memories fade due to time |
| consolidation | gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory |
| dual coding theory | forming both semantic and visual codes to improve memory |
| heuristics | short cut rules of thumb for solving problems rather than exhausting all possible approaches |
| overextension | child refers to anything round as ball |
| semantics | subfiled of psycholinguistics concerned with understanding the meaning of words |
| arrangement problems | trial and error manipulations until theres a burst of insight |
| alogrithm | method that exhausts all possible pathways to solving a single problem |
| language games and puns from a child | metalinguistic awareness |
| mental set | inhibits problem solving when one persists in using strategies that have worked in the past |
| transformation problems | require carefully planned sequence of changes to arrive at a specified goal |
| LAD | acronym for natural mechanism that facilitates learning of a language |
| representativeness heuristic | one estimates probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
| availability heuristic | one uses when making a decision based upon examples that most readily come to mind |
| overregularization | "i hitted the ball" |
| confirmation bias | seeking evidence supporting your belief while overlooking evidence contradicting your belief |
| framing | how you ask a question determines or influences the answer you get |
| phonemes | most basic unit of linguistic sound |
| functional fixedness | inability to find a novel use for a common object |
| morpheme | most basic unit of linguistic meaning (root words) |
| achievement test | measures mastery of knowledge in certain subject |
| interpersonal intelligence | allows one to "read people" well, understand their moods, etc. |
| crystallized intelligence | acquired knowledge and problem solving skills |
| fluid intelligence | speedier, adaptable reasoning abilities; declines as we age |
| stereotype vulnerability | one's association with a race that has a stigma for low intelligence may impede his academic development |
| construct | type of validity that showsevidence that a test measures certain abstract qualities such as creativity |
| stanford-binet | first measured IQ; mental age, divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 |
| profound | classification of retardation in which one needs total care |
| termen | corrected earlier intelligence tests by adding "performance scale" and using normal distribution |
| intrapersonal | type of intelligence in which one can understand one's own behaviors, moods, and motivations |
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