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FlatWorld Psy. Ch.11
Chapter 11 Terms, Flat World Knowledge
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | An individual's consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving. |
| Traits | Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. |
| Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of Personality | The idea that there are five fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross-culturally shared, and explain a substantial proportion of behavior. |
| Barnum Effect | The observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone. |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | A test used around the world to identify personality and psychological disorders. |
| Projective Measure | A measure of personality in which unstructured stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind as they think about the stimuli. |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | A projective measure of personality in which the respondent indicates his or her thoughts about a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots. |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them of people, either alone or with others. |
| Leadership | The ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals. |
| Charismatic Leaders | Leaders who are enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident; who tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level; and who make personal sacrifices for the group. |
| Psychodynamic Psychology | An approach to understand human behavior that focuses on the role of the unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories. |
| Id | In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impluses. |
| Sugerego | In psychodymanic psychology, the component of personality that represents our sense of morality and oughts. |
| Ego | In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that is the largely conscious controller or decision maker of personality. |
| Defense Mechanisms | Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a postitive self-image. |
| Neo-Freudian Theories | Theories based on Freudian principals that emphasize the role of the unconscious and early experience in shaping personality but less on sexuality as the motivating force in personality and are more optimistic about the prospects for personality growth. |
| Collective Unconscious | According to Carl Jung, a collection of shared ancestral memories. |
| Humanistic Psychology | An approach to psychology that embraces the notions of self-esteem, self-actualization, and free will. |
| Self-Concept | The set of beliefs about who we are. |
| Self-Esteem | Positive feelings about the self. |
| Self-Actualization | The motivation to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | Behaviors including being genuine, open to experience, transparent, able to listen to others, and self-disclosing and emphatic. |
| Gene | The basic biological unit that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next. |
| Instinct | A complex inborn pattern of behaviors that help ensure survial and reproduction. |
| Behavioral Genetics | A variety of research techniques that scientists use to learn about the genetic and environmental influences on human behavior by comparing the traits of biologically and nonbiologically related family members. |
| Family Study | A behavioral genetics study that starts with one person who has a trait of interest and examines the individual's family tree to determine the extent to which other family members also have the trait. |
| Twin Study | A behavioral genetics study in which the data from many pairs of twins are collected and the rates of similarity for identical and fraternal pairs are compared. |
| Adoption Study | A behavioral genetics study that compares biologically related people, including twins, who have been reared either separately or apart. |
| Molecular Genetics | The study of which genes are associated with which personality traits. |
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