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Chapter 10: Thinking
(Concepts, Solving Problems, Making Decisions and Forming Judgements
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Cognition | All the mental activites associated with the procesing, understanding, remembering and communicating |
Concepts | Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people |
Prototypes | A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category |
Algoithm | A step-by-step procedure that guarentees a solution |
Insight | Sudden flashes of insipration |
Conformation Bias | Our eagerness to search for information that confirms our ideas |
Fixation | The inablity to see a problem from the fresh perspective |
Mental Set | Our tendency to repeat solutions that have worked in the past |
Functional Fixdness | Tendency to preceive the functions of objects as fixed and un-changing |
Representativeness Heuristic | Judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent paticular prototypes |
Overconfidence | A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements |
Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisons and judgements |
Belief Bias | The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or vaild conclusions seem invalid |
Belief Perserverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discreditied |
Artifical Intelligence (AI) | The science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language |
Computer Neutral Networks | Computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neutral cells, preforming tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells |