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AP Psych Chapter 5
Sensation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | When sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment |
| Perception | Organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| Bottom-up Processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain's integration of information |
| Top-down Processing | construction of perceptions based on knowledge, experience, or expectations |
| Psychophysics | the study of the relationship between the physical experience of stimuli and the way they are interpreted psychologically |
| Absolute Threshold | the minimum level of stimulation required to allow someone to detect a stimuli fifty percent of the time |
| Signal Detection Theory | A theory that attempts to understand the means by which we detect the presence of faint stimuli |
| subliminal | below the threshold of conscious awareness |
| priming | the activation of certain associations that predispose someone to give a certain response, recall a specific memory or perceive something in certain way, that usually occurs unconsciously. |
| difference threshold | the minimum difference between stimuli required to identify the difference fifty percent of the time, also called the just noticeable difference. |
| Weber's law | the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage, rather than a constant amount, to be perceived as different. |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity to a stimulus after a period of constant stimulation |
| transduction | the conversion of one form of energy to another |
| wavelength | the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. |
| hue | the dimension of color that is defined by the wavelength of light, the names of colors |
| intensity | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave that is determined by the wave's amplitude |
| pupil | the opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | a ring of muscle tissue that surrounds the pupil and controls its size |
| lens | a transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina |
| accommodation | when the lens changes shape to focus objects at a specific distance on the retina |
| retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains the receptor rods and cones as well as layers of neurons that begin to process visual information |
| acuity | sharpness of vision |
| nearsightedness | a condition in which near objects can be more easily seen than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina |
| farsightedness | a condition in which distant objects can be more easily seen that near ones because the images of near objects are projected behind the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are necessary for vision in areas devoid of light |
| cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina, and detect color and fine detail. |
| optic nerve | the pathway that carries neural impulses from the retina to the brain. |
| blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve connects to the eye, created by the the absence of receptor cells in that area |
| fovea | the central focal point in the retina that contains most of the eye's cones |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific aspects of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| parallel processing | the brain's natural mode of information processing, in which several aspects of a stimulus; such as shape, color, and motion, are processed at once. |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory. | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - red, green, and blue - which can produce any color when stimulated in combination |
| opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes, such as red-green or yellow-blue, enable the perception of color. |
| color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color despite changing illumination |
| audition | the sense or act of hearing |
| frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| pitch | the highness or lowness of a tone, dependent on frequency |
| middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the anvil, hammer, and stirrup |
| cochlea | a coiled, bony, and fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses |
| inner ear | the part of the ear that contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
| place theory | the theory that the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated determines the the pitch of a tone |
| frequency theory | the theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, determining its pitch |
| conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical systems in the ear |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves |
| cochlear implant | a device that converts sounds into electrical impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| gate-control theory | the theory that pain is controlled through a neurological gate in the spinal cord that can allow pain signals or allow them to pass through to the brain. |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another |
| kinesthesis | the system for sensing the movement and position of individual body parts |
| vestibular sense | the sense of the collective movement of body parts, including the body's position, movement, and sense of balance |
| afterimage effect | when you stare at a photo for a long time (black, yellow, and green flag) then when looking away you see the negative effect (white, blue, and red) |
| auditory canal | (ear canal) a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. |
| eardrum | a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other tetrapods |
| amplitude | The maximum difference of an alternating electrical current or potential from the average value. |
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Kingsclass
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