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I/O Psych Ch 15
Stress Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychological state of being overwhelmed with stress usually experienced by highly-motivated professionals faced with high work demands | burnout |
| combination of air temperature, humidity, airflow, and heat radiation that determines how hot or cold the environment feels | effective temperature |
| one way our bodies maintain a normal temperature, in which perspiration reduces excess heat | evaporation |
| constant worrying about the future | forecasting |
| one of the big five personality categories (the opposite of emotional stability), a description of people who are anxious, tense, and worried | neuroticism |
| child-care center that is located on the site of the organization employing the parent | on-site child-care facility |
| extent to which an employee’s personality, values, attitudes, philosophy, and skills match those of the organization | person/organization fit |
| rating a potential stressor by asking how bad it really is compared with all things considered or with a worst-case scenario | perspective taking |
| one way our bodies maintain a normal temperature, by the emission of heat waves | radiation |
| system of child care in which an employer maintains a list of certified child-care centers that can be used by its employees | referral service |
| stress that is carried over from previous stressful situations that we refuse to let go of | residual stress |
| extent to which an employee’s job duties and performance expectations are not clearly defined | role ambiguity |
| extent to which an employee’s role and expected role are the same as well as competing or conflicting roles | role conflict |
| develops when individuals feel they lack skills or workplace resources to complete a task/perceive that task cannot be done in required time | role overload |
| stress-prone person who is competitive, impatient, and hurried | Type A personality |
| non–stress-prone person who is relaxed and agreeable | Type B personality |
| child-care policy in which an organization pays all or some of its employees’ child-care costs at private child-care centers by providing the employees with vouchers | voucher systems |
| Type B personalities are less likely to react | negatively to stress |
| employees with high role ambiguity will | become depressed |
| Mike and Josh have been arguing about who gets to make decisions about what parts to order. They have both been clerks for 3 years and are making the same salary. Mike's stress level can probably be explained by | role ambiguity |
| human body cools down two different ways through | radiation and evaporation |
| Larry is a junior at Raynes College and has trouble sleeping. He keeps worrying about not getting a job when he graduates and never finding the right person to marry. Larry's stress might be the result of | forecasting |
| Clarence has been under a great deal of stress at work. His wife told him that they should watch some sitcoms on TV. Her advice is sound because laughter can __ __ you from a stressor | help distance |
| Clarence has been under a great deal of stress at work. His wife told him that they should watch some sitcoms on TV. Her advice is sound because laughter can put a __ __ on a situation | new perspective |
| Clarence has been under a great deal of stress at work. His wife told him that they should watch some sitcoms on TV. Her advice is sound because laughter can __ blood pressure | reduce |
| technique designed to calm the emotions | meditation |
| involves cleaning your desk and keeping a daily log | time management |
| 10% of workplace deaths are __ | homicides |
| psychological & physical reaction to certain life events/situations | stress |
| life events or situations that cause stress | stressors |
| elevated BP, increased heart rate, muscle tension, & perspiration | stress reactivity |
| negative physical & psychological consequences when stress reactivity events occurs longer than our body can tolerate | strains |
| occurs when stressors result in feelings of challenge or achievement; feelings of stress are converted into positive energy & become motivating | eustress |
| having little arousal or too much results in poor performance, whereas moderate levels result in highest level of performance | optimal level of arousal |
| optimal level of arousal is also called | inverted-U theory |
| bad or negative stress; happens when there is too much stress & when nothing is done to eliminate, reduce, or counteract its effects | distress |
| distress usually occurs in situations or at events on which you place __ __ | great importance |
| distress usually occurs in situations or at events that put __ __ on you | great demands |
| distress usually occurs in situations or at events over which you eventually perceive you have | little or no control |
| occurs when we perceive that there is an imbalance between demands placed on us & our ability to meet those demands | negative stress |
| distress is called | hindrance-related stress |
| eustress is called | challenge-related stress |
| when Type A personalities experience stress their characteristics | become exaggerated |
| pessimism, negative affectivity, reduced hardiness, & self-esteem gal under | general trait of neuroticism |
| anxious, often depressed, & pessimistic, & lack hope | neurotics |
| may experience certain stressors, such as sexual harassment, work/family conflict, more often | women |
| men & women may __ __ to certain types of stressors | react differently |
| __ have higher levels of stress than __ | minorities; nonminorities |
| amount of stress you have experienced throughout your life seems to affect __ you will handle future stress | how |
| if you are exposed to high levels of stress over a long duration, studies suggest that you are likely to react more quickly & negatively to situations that are potentially stress producing because you | have become trained to respond in such a way |
| can occur through learning new behaviors to handle stress & working through your feelings about past stress | desensitization |
| deal with such issues as family & intimate relationships, marriage, divorce, health issues, financial problems, & raising children | personal stressors |
| many stressors can be considered as our | reaction to change |
| major contributor to stress, & it affects both personal & professional life | change |
| fear of unknown __ negative stress | produces |
| does not allow people to cope with inevitable changes that come from living | resisting change |
| if we do not want the change, do not understand why we have to make the change, & do not like how the change makes us feel it raises feelings of | resentment |
| can be grouped under 2 broad categories of job characteristics & organizational characteristics | occupational stressors |
| role conflict, role ambiguity, & role overload are 3 main job characteristics that | cause stress |
| role overload is __ __ to stress | highly correlated |
| role overload can be reduced if organizations actively ensure that employees have increased | control over their jobs |
| key to minimizing stress from role conflict, ambiguity, & overload is to __ __ about your job duties | get clarification |
| person-organization fit, organizational rules & policies, supervisory relationship, & organizational change are all __ __ likely to cause stress | organizational characteristics |
| __ in philosophies & values can cause stress, lower job satisfaction, & increased turnover | incompatibility |
| incompatibilities between __ & __ philosophies can quickly become stressors | personal; management |
| realizing the amount of stress __ change, organizations are placing increasing emphasis on workplace wellness | accompanying |
| stress from __ conflict at work can result in severe psychiatric problems | interpersonal |
| important source of employee stress is perceived use of organizational __ | politics |
| self-serving behaviors employees use to increase probability of obtaining positive outcomes in organizations | organizational politics |
| behaviors designed to influence others with goal of helping both the organization & person playing the politics | positive politics |
| portraying professional image, publicizing one's accomplishments, volunteering, & complimenting others are | examples of positive politics |
| manipulative behaviors designed to achieve personal gain at expense of others & organization | negative politics |
| backstabbing, withholding important info from others, & spreading rumors are | examples of negative politics |
| in addition to increasing stress, it results in lower performance, lower levels of job satisfaction, & higher amounts of turnover | negative organizational politics |
| __ frequencies do not affect employee performance as much as __ frequencies | lower; higher |
| sounds that have same frequency, intensity, & loudness can differ in their | pleasantness |
| noises can differ in whether they are __ or __ | continuous; intermittent |
| has less effect on employee behavior | constant noise |
| affects difficult tasks or those that involve cognitive & perceptual skills more than it affects less difficult tasks or those that involve physical performance | noise |
| determine the degree to which noise will affect performance in people | individual differences |
| Type __ personalities' BP & heart rate increased under conditions of high noise but not under conditions of low noise | A |
| effect of noise also depends on __ for the noise | necessity |
| effect of noise also depends on __ of the noise | familiarity |
| when certain noises cannot be avoided they are __ __ than unnecessary noises | less irritating |
| familiar noise is less distracting or meaningful than one that we hear for | the first time |
| familiar sounds may also be less __ because our hearing loses sensitivity to loud sounds | distracting |
| noise is more likely to __ quality of performance rather than its quantity | decrease |
| noise is more likely to cause people to | walk faster & make less eye contact |
| noise is more likely to decrease job __ | satisfaction |
| noise is more likely to decrease performance on __ tasks | cognitive |
| raise BP of employees in complex jobs, increase worker illness, cause people to be less helpful, & produce more aggravation & irritability | continued exposure to high levels of noise |
| __ levels of office noise have been found to increase employee stress & reduce task motivation | low |
| noise can cause people to narrow their __ __ __ so that they concentrate only on most important stimuli | focus of attention |
| employers have attempted to solve/minimize problem of workplace noise by setting legal __ __ on exposure to noise at different decibel levels | time limit |
| legal time limits set by OSHA are not __ __ as those recommended by National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) | as stringent |
| employers have attempted to solve/minimize problem of workplace noise by __ __ by using carpeting & acoustically treated ceilings | changing environment |
| employers have attempted to solve/minimize problem of workplace noise by reducing amount of __ __ that reaches an employee | unwanted noise |
| in one study, use of hearing protection devices in a noisy factory reduced workers' | hostile behaviors |
| employers have attempted to solve/minimize problem of workplace noise through __ technology | engineering |
| engineering technology to reduce noise works by reducing the __ __ of noise emitted | actual amount |
| in one study using __ __ to mask office noise improved performance worse than __ group | white noise; no-noise |
| when body temp is below normal blood vessels | constrict |
| constriction of blood vessels when body temp is below normal also produces __ by reducing circulation | numbness |
| air temp, humidity, airflow, & temp of objects in environment are four components of __ temperature | effective |
| effective temp is usually computed by considering | air temp & humidity |
| higher the humidity the __ air temp feels, and thus the __ the effective temp | higher; higher |
| air temp & humidity interact with body's ability to __ __ through radiation & evaporation | cool down |
| when air temp is higher than body temp we are unable to __ __ | radiate heat |
| when humidity is high, it is more difficult to __ __ heat through evaporation | lose body |
| high air temp & high humidity make the body's __ __ __ less effective | natural cooling system |
| extremely high or low temp can affect __ on cognitive, physical, & perceptual tasks | performance |
| performance dropped by 13.9% when temp rose above | 90 degrees |
| performance dropped by 14.9% when temp fell below | 50 degrees |
| hot temp had their __ __ on reaction time, & on performance on attentional, perceptual, & mathematical tasks | greatest effect |
| __ temp had their greatest effect on reasoning, memory, & learning tasks | cold |
| __ temp seem to have their greatest effect on tasks when only a small amount of time is spent on task | extreme |
| we can eventually __ to extreme temps & perform at close to normal levels | adapt |
| high temps affect work performance when | workloads are heavy |
| exposure to even moderate levels of heat while performing light __ work can be dangerous | repetitive-motion |
| temperature will have greatest effect on performance when work activity is __ | continuous |
| with __ __, effects of either hot/cold can be greatly reduced | rest breaks |
| most people can work for approximately 120 minutes at 90 degrees without | impaired performance |
| at 100 degrees maximum time for __ __ is approximately 30 minutes | continued performance |
| in temp of 90 degrees, rest breaks scheduled at maximum of __ __ apart will help keep performance from deteriorating | two hours |
| at 100 degrees rest breaks must occur at intervals of __ __ 30 minutes | less than |
| stress we encounter in our daily lives, & might include irritations such as waiting in traffic or not being able to get some info from library | minor frustration |
| if we do not have a healthy outlet for minor frustrations they may carry over to next day, and next, until they become | long-term stressors |
| minor frustrations are also considered | short-term frustrations |
| minor frustrations can be __ through perspective talking | managed |
| key to eliminating stress from forecasting is to learn how to recognize those areas that are out of your __ & ceasing to worry about them | control |
| __ stress is almost always long-term | residual |
| residual stress often leads individuals to __ to learn positive ways to cope with past negative events | couseling/therapy |
| sweat, headaches, body aches, frequency of migraines are all | symptoms of stress |
| often are result of tensing up during stressful times | body aches |
| people who report waking in the morning with their back, neck, shoulder & legs sore is attributed to | tensing during sleep |
| hair loss is considered a(n) __ __ __ to stress | extreme physical response |
| stress has been labeled __ __ because it can chip away at your immune system, making you more vulnerable to illness & disease | silent killer |
| stress can increase effects of __ __ because hormones released in response to stress can cause swelling in joints | rheumatoid arthritis |
| 50-70% of all illnesses, such as coronary heart disease, can be | attributed to stress |
| minor ailments such as recurring colds can be attributed to | recent stressful events |
| long-term stress can lead to __ depression | clinical |
| has effects on the body such as stroke-triggering clots, hypertension, & high heart rates | prolonged depression |
| key to managing depression is | early diagnosis & treatment |
| __ relationship between stress & job performance may exist in that moderate levels of stress actually improved productivity, increase energy levels, & heighten creativity | curvilinear |
| lack energy & are filled with frustration & tension | people who feel burned out |
| dreading coming to work each day is a(n) __ symptom of burnout | emotional symptom |
| cynicism toward coworkers, clients, & organization are __ __ of burn out | behavioral signs |
| people who are burned out display __ toward people with whom they work | detachment |
| highest during times of burnout & increased stress | absenteeism & turnover |
| 13% of __ is attributed to stress | absenteeism |
| days in which employees miss work to take a break from stress | mental health day |
| stress is lowered immediately following a day of absence but that taking a day off had | no long-term effects |
| use professional counselors to deal with employee problems | EAPs |
| means incorporating daily practices that will prepare your mind and body to handle effects of stress | managing stress before it happens |
| you should continue with your pre-stress management techniques as well as incorporate some others | during stress |
| you should continue to proactively manager your stress even after | stressor is eliminated |
| exercise, laughter, diet, smoking reduction, sleep, support, self-empowerment & coping skills are techniques you can use to | proactively reduce stress |
| especially helpful for emotional calming | abdominal breathing |
| used to relax the body | progressive muscle relaxation |
| more than 40% of employees in labor force | have children under 18 |
| lack of regular childcare options causes employees with children to miss a(n) __ __ days of work per year | additional 8 |
| most common measures of stress are | self-report questionnaires |
| Occupational Stress Inventory, Job Stress Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, & Physical Symptoms Inventory are all | measures of work-related stress & strain |
| problem with using self-report questionnaires to measure stress is that people may not __ they are stressed | know |
| problem with using self-report questionnaires to measure stress people may not __ __ in their answers | be truthful |
| in addition to self-report questionnaires to measure stress __ & __ measures can be used | physiological & biomedical |
| include BP, perspiration, heart rate, & muscle tension | physiological measures of stress |
| include cortisol & catecholamine levels | biomedical measures of stress |
| traffic accidents& homicide are most common workplace injuries | among men |
| traffic accidents & homicide are most common workplace injuries | among women |
| representing 71% of job-related homicides is violence against an employee occurring as result of | crime |
| representing 14% of job-related homicides is violence against an employee is violence against | law enforcement officers |
| representing 15% of job-related homicides is violence against employee/supervisor as an act of __ by another employee, customer, or jilted lover | anger/vengeance |
| employee violence against other employees is usually result of | interpersonal disagreements |
| 13% of workplace-violence incidents involve employees __ __ against supervisor as result of being fired, laid off, or subjected to some form of negative personnel attention | seeking revenge |
| done by 36% of employees committing workplace violence | suicide |
| psychologists have expanded studies of workplace violence to include behaviors referred to as | mobbing & bullying |
| consist of hostile, alienating, & unethical behavior among employees | mobbing/bullying |
| workplace violence can be __ through security measures, employee screening, & management awareness | reduced |
| employees who go crazy & shoot people are called | berserkers |
Created by:
lfrancois
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