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pscyh. 19-20

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Personality- - refers to a combination of long-lasting and distinctive behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations.
Theory of Personality is an organized attempt to describe and explain how personalities develop and why personalities differ.
Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality- emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, unconscious or repressed thoughts that we cannot voluntarily access, and the conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces that influence our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
Conscious thoughts- are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment
Unconscious forces- represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access.
Unconscious motivation- is a Freudian concept that refers to the influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts and behaviors.
Free association- is a Freudian technique in which clients are encouraged to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their head; the assumption is that this kind of free-flowing, uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material.
ID- Freud’s first division of the mind to develop, contains two biological drives, sex and aggression, that are the source of all psychic or mental energy. The id’s goal is to pursue pleasure and satisfy the biological drives.
Pleasure principle- operates to satisfy drives and avoid pain, without concern for moral restrictions or society’s regulations
Ego Freud’s second division of the mind develops from the id during infancy; the ego’s goal is to find safe and socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id’s desires and to negotiate between the id’s wants and the superegos prohibitions.
Reality principle- is a policy of satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available.
Superego- Freud’s third division of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood; the superego’s goal is to apply the moral values and standards of one’s parents or caregivers and society in satisfying one’s wishes.
Anxiety - Freudian theory is an uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts between the primitive desires of the id and the moral goals of the superego.
Defense mechanisms- Freudian processes that operate at unconscious levels and that use self deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego form being overwhelmed by anxiety. (Freud’s daughter came up with it.)
Repression- involves blocking and pushing unacceptable or threatening feelings, wishes, or experiences into the unconscious.
Displacement- involves transferring feelings about, or response to, an object that causes anxiety to another person or object that is less threatening.
Fixation- occur during any of the first 3 stages, oral, anal, or phallic, refers to a Freudian process through which an individual may be locked into a particular psychosexual stage because his or her wishes were either over gratified or under gratified.
Psychosexual Stages- 5 development periods, oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each marked by potential conflict between parent and child. The conflicts arise as a child seeks pleasure from differ body areas that are associated with sexual feelings.
1. Oral stage lasts for the first 18 months of life and is a time when the infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the mouth
2. Anal stage- lasts from the age of about 1 1/2 – 3 years and is a time when the infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the anus and its functions of elimination.
3. Phallic stage lasts from the age of about 3-6 and is a time when infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals.
4. Latency stage lasts from about 6-puberty, is a time when the child represses sexual thoughts and engages in nonsexual activities, such as developing social and intellectual skills.
5. Genital stage- lasts from puberty-adulthood and is a time when the individual has renewed sexual desires that he or she seeks to fulfill through relationships with other people.
Humanistic theories emphasize our capacity for personal growth, development of our potential, and freedom to choose our destiny.
3 characteristics of humanistic theories 1. Phenomenological perspective- 2. Holistic view3. Self- actualization
1. Phenomenological perspective- means that your perception or view of the world, whether or not it is accurate, becomes your reality
2. Holistic view means that a person’s personality is more than the sum of its individual parts; instead, the individual parts form a unique and total entity that functions as a unit.
3. Self- actualization refers to our inherent tendency to develop and reach our true potentials.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- arranges needs in ascending order, with biological needs at the bottom and social and personal needs at the top.
Self theory (self-actualization theory)- based on 2 major assumptions: that personality development is guided by each person’s unique self actualization tendency, and that each of us has a personal need for positive regard
Positive regard- includes love, sympathy, warmth, acceptance, and respect, which we crave from family, friends, and people who are important to us.
Conditional positive regard- refers to the positive regard we receive if we behave in certain acceptable ways, such as living up to or meeting the standards of others.
Unconditional positive regard- refers to the warmth, acceptance, and love that others show you because you are valued as a human being even though you may disappoint people by behaving in ways that are different from their standards or values or the way they think.
Projective tests- equire individuals to look at some meaningless object or ambiguous photo and describe what they see. In describing or making up a story about the ambiguous object, individuals are assumed to project their conscious and unconscious feelings, needs, and mot
1. Rorschach inkblot test used to assess personality by showing a person a series of ten inkblots and then asking the person to describe what he or she thinks each image is.
2. Thematic Apperception test involves showing a person a series of 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations and asking the person to make up a story about what the people are doing or thinking in each situation.
1. Validity- means that the test measures what is says it measures or what it is supposed to measure
2. Reliability- refers to having a consistent score at different times. A person who takes a test at one point in time should receive the same score on a similar test taken at a later time.
Created by: krista_km23
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