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bkx PSY212 T4, P4
PSY-212 Test #4, Part 4: CH 10, Aggression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aggression | Behavior intended to injure another |
| Assertiveness | Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence |
| Indirect aggression | Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation |
| Direct aggression | Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face |
| Emotional aggression | Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings |
| Instrumental aggression | Hurting another to accomplish some other (nonaggressive) goal |
| Displacement | Indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it |
| Catharsis | Discharge of aggressive impulses |
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis (original) | Aggression is always the result of frustration, and frustration will always lead to aggression. |
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis (reformulated) | Frustration is linked only to emotional aggression, not to instrumental aggression. Frustration only leads to negative aggression when it generates negative feelings |
| Excitation-transfer theory | The theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses |
| Type A behavior pattern | A group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary disease |
| Relative deprivation | The feeling that one has less than the others to whom one compares oneself |
| Cognitive-neoassociation theory | Theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts; depending on other cues in the situation (i.e. weapons), this negativity will be expressed as either fight or flight |
| Weapons effect | The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| Social learning theory | Theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness |
| Psychopath | Individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment; inclined toward acting violently for personal gain |
| Meta-analysis | A statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic |
| Differential parental investment | The principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring (female as compared to male mammals, for instance) will be more careful in choosing mates) |
| Sexual selection | A form of natural selection favoring characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or in competing with members of their own sex |
| Culture of honor | A set of societal norms whose central idea is that people (particularly men) should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliation if necessary |
| Defensive attributional style | A tendency to notice threats and interpret other people’s behavior as intended to do one harm |
| Effect/danger ratio | Assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against the likely dangers |
| Difference in Aggression Between Men and Women | Men: more likely to use direct aggression through violence Women: more likely to use indirect aggression through vicious behind-the-back strategies Exception: Women are more likely to use violence against their romantic partners |
| Freud's Theory on Aggression | "Death Instinct" - an innate pull to end one's life that conflicts with the life instincts and is therefore redirected toward the destruction of other people |
| Konrad Lorenz | Proposed that humans have an innate urge to attack that builds up over time until it is discharged – however, he also theorized that animals (including) humans would not be inclined to behave aggressively without an outside trigger such as a threat |
| Alcohol myopia | Caused by alcohol consumption, a narrow focus of attention on whatever seems to be most important to the person at the moment (theorized to be a potent cause of date rape) |
| Marvin Wolfgang | 37% of homicides in a study were shown to be caused by trivial altercations such as an insult or one person bumping into another |
| Andrea Yates | Drowned her 5 children in a bathtub, apparently due to post-partum depressive psychosis |
| Cross-lagged panel correlational design | Looks at correlations across time, allowing researchers to come closer to inferring causality because it rules out alternative variables and suggests causality |
| What is the best predictor of school shooters | Long-term rejection (a history of being bullied) |
| Five Theories of Aggression | 1) Lorenz's Ethological Theory 2) Physiology 3) Frustration/Aggression Hypotheses 4) Learning 5) Individual differences |
| Sign stimuli | Triggers that periodically release built-up aggression |
| Charles Whitman | Shooter at the University of Texas; had a brain tumor in the aggression center |
| Three Conditions Under Which Frustration Leads to Aggression | 1) How badly do you want your goal? 2) How badly is the goal blocked? 3) How frequently is the goal blocked? |
| Bandura | Bobo Doll study |
| Buss aggression machine | Made people believe they were shocking a confederate |
| Anxiety over social disapproval | In most cultures, anxiety over social disapproval would lead people away from aggressive behavior BUT in a gang-like environment, social disapproval will lead people TOWARDS aggressive behavior |
| Aggression guilt | People who tend to feel very guilty after doing something aggressive are less likely to be aggressive |
| Internal/External Locus of Control as it pertains to aggression | Internal locus people engage more in instrumental aggression. |
| Four Individual Differences that Determine Aggression | 1) Aggression guilt 2) Locus of control 3) Type A personality 4) Anxiety over social approval |
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bamkapowxo
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