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AP Psych ch 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning is? | a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. |
| How Do We Learn? | We learn by association. Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence. |
| What is Associative Learning? | Learning to associate one stimulus with another. |
| What is an example of Associative Learning? | Lightning + Thunder Seeing Lightning = Anticipating Thunder |
| Who elucidated classical conditioning? | Pavlov |
| Who created the word behaviorism? | John Watson |
| What is Acquisition? | the initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place |
| The CS needs to come _______ the US for acquisition to occur. | half a second before |
| When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes? | extinction |
| Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS (tone) is called? | generalization |
| What is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.? | Discrimination |
| animals learn expectancyor awarenessof a stimulus | Cognitive Processes |
| learning is constrained by an animal’s biology | Biological Predispositions |
| Watson used classical conditioning procedures to develop | advertising campaigns |
| Classical conditioning forms associations between | stimuli |
| Operant conditioning forms an association between | behaviors and the resulting events |
| occurs as an automatic response to a certain stimulus | respondent behavior |
| a behavior that operates on the environment | operant behavior |
| This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again | law of effect. |
| operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations | Shaping |
| Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | Reinforcement |
| Aninnately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink | Primary Reinforcer |
| A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer | Conditioned Reinforcer: |
| A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior | Immediate Reinforcer: |
| A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior | Delayed Reinforcer: |
| Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs | Continuous Reinforcement: |
| Reinforces a response only part of the time | Partial Reinforcement: |
| Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. e.g., piecework pay. | Fixed-ratio schedule: |
| Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | Variable-ratio schedule: |
| Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | Fixed-interval schedule: |
| Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses. (e.g., pop quiz.) | Variable-interval schedule: |
| mental representations, of the layout of the maze | cognitive maps, |
| knowledge gained that isn't immediately apparent. It can be something learned by watching someone else perform an action, but not used or realized until you need to perform that action sometime later | latent learning |
| The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. | Intrinsic Motivation: |
| The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments | Extrinsic Motivation: |
| in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning. | mirror neurons |
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