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Chapter 13
Motivation and Emotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a motive? | A stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal. They CAN NOT be measured directly. |
| What is a need? | A condition in which we require something we lack. |
| What is a biological need? | A need based on physical deprivation. |
| What is a psychological need? | "Learned" needs that are not based on deprivation. |
| What is a drive? | A force that motivates a human being to take action to fulfill both biological and psychological needs. |
| True or false: Drives become stronger the longer we are deprived of something we need or want. | TRUE |
| What are the characteristics of the Instinct Theory? | States that a person's behavior is beyond their control and based upon natural inclinations. However, this is outdated because it cannot describe all behaviors. |
| Who proposed the Instinct Theory? | William James and William McDougal. |
| What are the characteristics of the Drive-Reduction Theory? | Suggests that people experience a drive to reduce stress and unpleasant tension. Their behaviors are based on having learned to do whatevere it is that will reduce the tension. |
| What is homeostasis? | When basic (physical) drives are satisfied. |
| Who proposed the Drive-Reduction Theory? | Clark Hull in the 1930s. |
| What is a criticism of the Drive-Reduction Theory? | Some behaviors increase tension, such as riding a roller coaster. |
| What are the characteristics of Humanistic Theory? | It is the belief that the drive for personal growth outweighs the drive for basic needs. For example, people are willing to tolerate pain, hunger, and other tensions to achieve personal growth. |
| Who developed the Humanistic Theory? | Abraham Maslow. |
| What are the characteristics of the Socio-Cultural theory? | Believes that people are motivated by social, religious, and cultural customs. |
| Is it possible to feel hungry if your stomach has been removed? | YES. |
| What is hunger linked to? | Brain Chemistry, Body Chemistry (Blood Sugar Level), and External Forces. |
| What is glucose? | The simple sugar that provides us with energy. |
| What are glucostats? | The type of neoron in our body that is responsible for monitoring our glucose levels. |
| How do we "feel" when glocose (blood sugar) levels in our blood are low? | hungry |
| How do we "feel" when glucose (blood sugar) levels in our blood are appropriate? | Full or not hungry. |
| What does Insulun do and where is it produced? | Converts glucose into stored fat and is produced in the pancreas. |
| What anatomical structure in the brain is the on/off switch for hunger? | The Hypothalamus. |
| What is the lateral Hypothalamus? | The on switch for hunger. |
| What is the Vendromedial Hypothalamus? | The off switch for hunger. |
| How does the body strive to maintain a particular target weight? | Everyone is born with a certain number of fat cells and a certain "target" weiht that is genetically determined. |
| What happens to fat cells after a person has been on a diet for a while? | They shrink and the body then tries to replenish them by making you feel hungry and getting you to eat. |
| What are some causes of overeating? | Peer pressure, depression, access to food, and advertising & marketing. |
| What are stimulus motives? | A desire to receive sensory stimulation, to engage in activities, and to explore and/or manipulate one's environment. |
| What are the effects of sensory deprivation? | Sleepiness, boredom, irratibility, uncomfort, and hallucinations. |
| What are some reasons why people and animals explore and manipulate their environment? | People crave constant "new" stimuli. |
| What is meant by the term Achievement Motivation? | Describes people who are driven, goal oriented, results oriented, and that set high personal standards. |
| What influences Achievement Motivation? | Performance goals and learning goals. |
| What are performance goals? | very percise goals such as college admission, earning an award or earning praise. These are also known as extrinsic rewards (or extrinsic motivation) |
| What are learning goals? | describes people who are motivated to learn because they find it enjoyable. This is known as Intrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation. |
| How does cognitive consistency theory relate to motivation? | Behavior is congruent to your thinking. |
| How does cognitive- dissonance theory explain motivation? | People are motivated to reduce inner tensions about behavior that they are engaged in that they know goes against their core beliefs and values. |
| What is Affiliation Motivation? | This theory believes that people are motivated to make friends and to become part of a group. |
| What are emotions? | states of feeling that involve physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. |
| What are the key concepts of the oponent-process theory? | Emotions often come in pairs: love/hate, happiness/sadness, etc. There are relatively no neutral emotions. |
| What are the key concepts of the Common Sense Approach? | The interpretation of a situation produces an emotional response which then triggers a behavior. |
| What are the key concepst of the James-Lange theory? | Emotions follow or come after a situation |
| What are the key concepts of the Cannon-Bard theory? | You feel an emotion that is caused by an external stimuli or you feel an emotion to a possible situation that you are anticipating. |
| What are the key concepts of the Cognitive Appraisal theory? | People's emotions are based on their perception of a situation. |
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cindysmile
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