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psy101test3
psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivation | All the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior |
| Motive | Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal |
| Primary Drives | states of tension or arousal that arise from a biological need and are unlearned |
| social motives | motives (such as the needs for affiliation and achievement) that are acquired through experience and interaction with others |
| work motivation | conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude and maintenance of effort of workers on the job |
| achievement motivation | factors that move people to seek success in academic settings |
| intrinsic motivation | the desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself |
| incentive | external stimulus that motivates behavior, for example money or fame |
| extrinsic motivation | desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence |
| drive-reduction theory | a theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal, called drives, which organisms are motivated to reduce |
| drive | internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce |
| homeostasis | natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state in order to ensure physical survival |
| arousal | state of alertness and mental and physical activation |
| arousal theory | a theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation |
| stimulus motives | motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low (examples are curiosity and the motive to explore) |
| yerkes-dodson law | the principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks |
| industrial / organizational (I/O) psychologists | psychologists who apply their knowledge in the workplace and are especially interested in work motivation and job performance |
| goal setting | an approach to work motivation that involves establishing specific, difficult goals rather than simply telling people to do their best in the absence of assigned goals |
| expectancy theory | an approach that explains work motivation in terms of workers beliefs about the effectiveness and value of the effort they put for on the job |
| need for achievement | the need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a standard of excellence |
| goal orientation theory | the view that achievement motivation depends on which of four goal orientations an individual adopts |
| What are the 4 goal orientations | 1) Mastery/Approach: working to attain something of self-determined value (ex: knowledge) 2) Mastery / Avoidence; working to avoid an outcome that threatens self-worth(ex: being unable to learn something new) |
| 4 goal orientations continued | 3) performance / avoidance: limiting efforts in order to avoid surpassing the performance of others (ex getting mediocre grades to fit in with peer groups) 4) performance/approach: doing just enough to ensure performance will be superior to others |
| self-actualization | the pursuit of self-defined goals for personal fulfillment and growth |
| Drive-reduction theory | behavior results from the need to reduce and internal state of tension or arousal: eating to reduce hunger. |
| arousal theory | behavior results from the need to maintain an optimal level of arousal: climbing a mountain for excitement |
| goal setting | behavior results from establishing specific, difficult goals: reducing employee absence by creating attendance bonuses |
| expectancy theory as a motivation approach | behavior results from expectancy, instrumentality, and valence: employees work harder because they believe supervisors will notice and they will be rewarded |
| maslow's hierarchy of needs | lower needs must be met before higher needs motivate behavior: school children not being able to focus because they are hungry |
| Order of Maslow's heirarchy (most important to least) | need for self actualization, esteem needs, belonging and love needs, safety needs, physiological needs |
| Lateral hypothalamus | the part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating |
| ventromedial hypothalamus | the part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety center to inhibit eating |
| body mass index (bmi) | measure of weight relative to height |
| metabolic rate | the rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy |
| set point | the weight the body normally maintains when one is not trying to lose or gain wieght |
| obesity | a bmi over 30 |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self starvation and excessive weight loss |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by repeated and uncontrolled /secretive episodes of binge eating |
| parental investment | term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood |
| sexual response cycle | the four phases- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution that make up the human sexual responses in both men and women (masters and johnson) |
| sexual orientation | direction of one's sexual interest towards members of the opposite sex, one's own sex, or both |
| homophobia | an intense irrational hostility toward or fear of homosexuals |
| emotion | state involving physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal of the situation that produced the state, and an onward behavior expressing the state |
| james-lange theory | theory that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to emotion-provoking stimulus (feeling fear because of trembling) |
| cannon-bard theory | theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing conscious mental experience of the motion, and to the sympathetic nervous system causing physiological arousal |
| schachter-singer theory | two factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur, there must be 1) physiological arousal and 2) a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal allowing it to be labels as a specific emotion |
| lazarus theory | theory that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion depend on it |
| affective neuroscience | study of neurological foundations of emotion |
| basic emotion | emotions that are unlearned and universal, that are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable of development; fear, anger, happiness, etc |
| display rules | cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate |
| facial-feedback hypothesis | the idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions produce the corresponding emotions (smiling makes you happy) |
| positive psychology | view that psychologists should study and promote the development of human strengths such as optimism |
| personality | person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
| psychoanalysis | freud's theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders, focuses on the unconscious processes |
| conscious | thoughts, feelings, sensations or memories of which a person is aware of at any given moment |
| precociousness | thoughts, feelings, and memories that a persons is not consciously aware of at the moment, but can be easily brought to consciousness |
| unconscious | for freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires that have been conscious |
| ID | the unconscious system of the personality which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, source of the libido |
| ego | the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personalty which operates according to the reality principle |
| superego | the moral system of the personality which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal |
| defense mechanism | means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem (repression, projection, denial, rationalization, regression, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation) |
| psychosexual states | series of stages through which the sexual instinct develops, each stage is defined by an erogenous zone around which conflict occurs |
| fixation | arrested development at a psychosexual state occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage |
| repression (d.m) | involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought or perception from consciousness or barring disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses. (forgetting trauma from childhood) |
| projection (d.m) | attributing one's own undesirable trains, thoughts, behavior, or impulses to another (lonely women accuses all men of having one thing on their minds) |
| denial (d.m) | refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation (failing to take a weather warning seriously and being injured as a result) |
| rationalization (d.m) | supplying a logical rational, or social acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action or event (i didn't get the job because i don't have the right connections) |
| regression (d.m) | reverting to a behavior that might have reduced anxiety at earlier stage of development (crying whenever criticized) |
| reaction formation (d.m) | expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing, unconscious impulses and desires (ex buyer of porn, now staunchly against it) |
| displacement (d.m) | substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse (after being spanked, child hits younger sibling) |
| sublimation (d.m) | re-channeling sexual and aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable (working out when feeling frustrated) |
| Psychosexual stages of development | Oral (birth to 1 year), anal (1 to 3), phallic (3 to 5/6), latency (5/6 to puberty), genital (from puberty on) |
| oral | mouth / weaning, oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting. problems at this stage could result in optimism, gullibility, dependency, an d pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm, aggression |
| anal | anus / toilet training, gratification from withholding and expelling feces / excessive cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness |
| phallic | genitals / oedipal (elektra) conflict, sexual curiosity, masturbation / flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity |
| latency | none/ period of sexual calm. interest lies in school, hobbies, same-sex friends |
| genital | genitals / revival of sexual interests, establishment of mature sexual relationships |
| personal unconscious | jung's theory, layer of the unconscious that contains all of the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious,a s well as repressed memories, wishes and impulses |
| collective unconscious | jung's theory, most inaccessible layer of the unconscious which contains the universal experiences of human kind |
| archetype | existing in the collective unconscious, an inherited tendency to respond to universal human situations in a particular way |
| humanistic psychology | people are assumed to have natural tendency toward growth and the realization of their fullest potential. more optimistic than freudian theory |
| self-actualization | developing to one's fullest potential |
| conditions of worth | conditions on which the positive regard of others rests |
| unconditional positive regard | unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptable of another |
| self-esteem | person's sense of self-worth |
| trait | personal characteristic that is stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality |
| five-factor model | model that describes personality using five broad dimensions, each of which is composed of a constellation of personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) |
| social-cognitive theory | the view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions |
| situation-trait debate | discussion among theorists about the relative influence of traits and situations on personality |
| reciprocal determinism | bandura's concept of a mutual influential relationship among behavior, cognitive factors and environment |
| self-efficacy | perception a person has of his or her ability to perform competently whatever is attempted |
| locus of control | rotter's concept of a cognitive factor that explains how people account for what happens in their lives-either seeing themselves as primarily in control, or perceiving what happens to be in the hands of fate luck or chance |
| inventory | paper and pencil test with questions about a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure |
| MMPI (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory) | most extensively researched and widely used personality test, used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders |
| clinical scales of mmps | hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity/femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, social inter-version |
| california personality inventory (cpi) | highly regarded personality test developed especially for typical individuals 13 and older |
| myers-briggs type indicator (mbti) | personality inventory useful for measuring individual differences, bases on jung's theory of personality |
| projective test | personality test in which people respond to inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations,. or incomplete sentences by projecting their inner thoughts, feelings, fears or conflicts onto test materials |
| rorschach inkblot method | projective test composed of 10 inkblots that the test taker is asked to describe, used to asses personality, make differential diagnoses, plan and evaluate treatment and predict behavior |
| thematic apperception test (tat) | projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations which the test take describes |
| neo-freudian | studied/worked with freud, accepted many of his theories but developed many of their own |
| Carl Jung | agreed w/ freud about unconscious mind being most important, but jung came up with the two layers of it (personal and collective). first to define intro/extrovert. |
| introvert | energized by own inner thoughts and feelings |
| extrovert | preoccupied with the external world, and behavior is influenced by it |
| alfred adler | theory of social psychology believed striving for superiority was driving force in life |
| karen korney | important female neo-freudian, emphasizes female psych. |
| wilhelm reich | agreed w/ freud that sexuality was strongest motivator, but also said sexual orgone energy is blocked by society and should be liberated all the way through to orgasm or it can cause physical and psychological problems |
| Body type theory | ectomorph- tall, slender, quiet endomorph- pear, heavy set, jovial, mesomorph- athletic, muscular, aggressive |
| carl rogers | importance of self concept, collection or believe you have of self, if self concept conflicts with reality, poses problems |
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