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morris_ch7_APPSYCH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language | A flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information |
| Morphemes | the smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes |
| Phonemes | the basic sound units of a language that indicate changes in meaning |
| Grammar | the language rules that determine how sound and words can be combined and use to communicate meaning within a language |
| Syntax | the rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences |
| Semantics | the criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language |
| Surfaces structure | the particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence |
| Deep structure | underlying meaning of a sentence |
| Image | nonverbal mental representation of sensory experience |
| Concept | mental category for classifying objects, people or experiences |
| Prototype | Rosch: a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept |
| Linguistic determinism | the idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks |
| Signs | stereotyped communications about an animal’s current state |
| Telegraphic speech | early speech stage of one and two year olds that omits words that are not essential to the meaning of a phrase |
| Problem representation | first step in solving a problem; defining the problem |
| Algorithms | step by step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution |
| Heuritics | rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution |
| Hill climbing | heuristic problem solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal |
| Subgoals | intermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal |
| Means | heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points |
| Working backwards | heuristic strategy in which one works backwards from the desired goal to the given conditions |
| Mental sets | tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways |
| Functional fixedness | tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object, thus interfering with process of problem solving |
| Brainstorming | problem solving strategy where the individual or group produces numerous ideas and evaluates them only after all ideas have been collected |
| Compensatory model | a rational decision-making model in which choices are systemically evaluated on various criteria |
| Representativeness | heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model |
| Availability | heuristic by which a judgment is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory |
| Confirmation bias | tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief |
| Framing | perspective or phrasing of information that is used to make a decision |
| Hindsight bias | tendency to view outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome |
| Counterfactual thinking | thinking about alternative realities and things that never happened |
Created by:
cahillb
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