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PS 334 Chp. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The characteristics of people as males or females. | gender |
| A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think, act, and feel. | gender role |
| How do androgen levels in puberty relate to boys’ sexual activity? | Rising androgen levels increased sexual activity. |
| How do androgen levels in puberty relate to girls’ sexual activity? | It doesn't. |
| What seems to have a stronger influence on girls’ sexual activity? | Girls relationships with friends |
| A longitudinal study from 3 to 27 years of age found that brain volume in the cerebral cortex (highest level of the brain) peaked at _____ years in girls and _____ years in boys. | 10.5, 14.5 |
| ______________ matter, myelinization on the neural axons (which increases the speed of neural firing), increased for both girls and boys (Lenroot & others, 2007). | white |
| The _________ matter (neuron’s cell body and dendrites) increases and then decreases in both sexes, peaking approximately 1 to 2 years earlier in girls (timeframe corresponding with pubertal maturation). | gray |
| Theory stating that gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of females and males, with females having less power and status and controlling fewer resources than males. | social role theory |
| Theory emphasizing that children's and adolescents' gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior, and through rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior. | social cognitive theory of gender |
| When do children begin to show a clear preference for being with and liking same-sex peers? | in middle and late childhood |
| Is same-sex education better than co-ed education for children? | it is 50/50 |
| Many music videos and some other television shows are highly stereotyped and slanted toward a _________________audience. | male |
| Broad categories that reflect out impressions and beliefs about females and males. | gender stereotypes |
| Do gender stereotypes still exist in today’s society? | yes |
| Which gender stereotypes tend to be more rigid, boys’ or girls’ gender stereotypes? | boys |
| Characterized by endorsement of traditional gender roles. | Old-fashioned sexism |
| Characterized by the denial that there is still discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and lack of support for policies designed to help women. | Modern sexism |
| What did Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) originally conclude about cognitive differences between males and females? | Males have better math and visuospatial skills and females have better verbal abilities. |
| What does current research suggest about male/female differences in math skills, visuospatial skills, and verbal skills? | Equal in math. Males better visuospatial. Females better in verbal. |
| Who is more likely to drop out of school, males or females? | Males |
| Overall, which sex tends to show greater overall academic interest and achievement in the United States? | Females |
| What is one of the most consistent gender differences between boys and girls that is found in all cultures and appears very early in children’s development? | Boys are more physically aggressive |
| What, if any, gender differences occur in verbal aggression? | Typically none but sometimes more pronounced in girls. |
| The language of conversation, establishing connections and negotiating relationships. | Rapport talk |
| Talk that gives information; public speaking is an example. | Report Talk |
| Do males or females enjoy rapport talk? | females |
| Do males or females enjoy report talk? | Males |
| Beginning in elementary school, boys are more likely to hide __________________ emotions, and girls are less likely to express emotions such as _______________________ that might hurt others’ feelings. | negative, disappointment |
| Which sex typically shows less emotional self-regulation? | Boys |
| The presence of a high degree of desirable feminine and masculine characteristics in the same individual. | androgyny |
| What inventory is one of the most widely used to gender type individuals? | The Bem Sex-Role Inventory |
| What four gender-role orientations are used to classify individuals according to their responses on this inventory? | Masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated |
| Which gender orientation is viewed as being most healthy and most competent in our society? | Androgynous |
| Which gender orientation is viewed as being least competent? | Undifferentiated |
| Discuss sex differences in access to education and completion rates in education around the world. Exceptions to these general trends occur in Western nations, ________________ and ____________________. | Japan and the Philippines |
| In general, is it easier to teach androgyny to girls or to boys? | girls |
| It is easier to teach androgyny before what grades? | middle school grades |
| What does William Pollack (1999) mean by “a national crisis of boyhood” in his book Real Boys? | He has concerns about boys who are taught to hide their emotions. |
| Why is there growing concern about who adopt a strong masculine role in adolescence? | It increases problem behaviors. |
| The belief that, when an individual's competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized not on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny but, rather, on a person basis. | gender-role transcendence |
| Hypothesis stating that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressure to conform to masculine and feminine gender roles. | gender intensification hypothesis |
| As adolescent boys and girls grow older, do they tend to show more or less stereotypic gender behavior? | less |
| What does Carol Gilligan mean when she states that girls experience life differently from boys—that girls have a “different voice”? | Girls are more sensitive |
| What dilemma do girls confront in adolescence, according to Gilligan? | choice of being either selfish or selfless |
| The greatest liabilities occurred for females who not only lacked a “voice” bit who emphasized the importance of ______________. | appearance |
Created by:
gmoore730
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