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PS 334 Chp. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The individual's cognitive representation of the self, the substance and content of self-conceptions. | self-understanding |
| How do adolescents’ descriptions of self and self-understanding tend to differ from children’s descriptions of self and self-understanding? | Adolescents understand better that they have several different selves. |
| What does Rosenberg (1979) mean by the “barometric self”? | The fluctuating adolescent's self. |
| What does humanistic theorist Carl Rogers say about the degree of difference between the real self and the ideal self? | That the degree should not be too strong. |
| What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming. | possible self |
| Adolescents who say they receive support from their _____________ are more likely to show their true selves (authentic selves). | parents |
| Are adolescents more or less likely than children to use social comparison in evaluating themselves? | more likely |
| Are adolescents more or less likely than children to admit using social comparison? | less likely |
| Are adolescents more or less likely to admit their negative characteristics? | less likely |
| Does understanding of the unconscious self change during adolescence and if so, how? | Yes, it increases in later adolescence. |
| In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more ______________, with the disparate parts of the self pieced together more systematically. | integrative |
| In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more ______________, with the disparate parts of the self pieced together more systematically. | 30 to 39 |
| The global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image. | self-esteem |
| Domain-specific evaluations of the self. | self-concept |
| A self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others. | narcissism |
| Thomaes (2008) found that narcissistic adolescents were more aggressive than other adolescents only when they were _______________. | shamed |
| Narcissism combined with __________ ________________ was related to exceptionally high aggression. | high self-esteem |
| What often happens to self-esteem when children make the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school? | decreases |
| What often happens to self-esteem when children make the transition from junior high school to high school? | decreases |
| What often happens to self-esteem when children make the transition high school to college? | decreases |
| A theme of the book entitled Dumbing Down Our Kids (Sykes, 1995) is that many U.S. adolescents’ poor academic skills may stem, in part, from _____________ _______________ meant to boost their self-esteem. | unmerited praise |
| Does high self-esteem seem to produce better school performance? | no |
| Does high self-esteem seem to produce better initiative? | yes |
| What effect does family cohesiveness have on adolescents’ self-esteem? | As family cohesiveness increases so does self-esteem. |
| What four ways to improve adolescents’ self-esteem were described in the text? | 1.Identify the cause of low self-esteem and the domains of competence important to the self 2.Provide emotional support and social approval 3.Foster achievement 4.Help adolescents cope |
| Refers to individuals' beliefs that they can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. | self-efficacy |
| Self-esteem often _________________ when adolescents face a problem and try to cope with it rather than avoid it (Dyson & Renk, 2006; Nes & Segerstrom, 2006). | increases |
| Which developmental stage in Erikson’s theory occurs during adolescence? | Identity versus identity confusion |
| What social crisis must the adolescent confront during the stage of identity versus identity confusion? | They must decide who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in life. |
| Erikson's term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration. | psychosocial moratorium |
| Erikson suggested that by late adolescence, _______________ roles become central to identity development, especially in highly technological societies. | vocational |
| What is the main theme of Damon’s (2008) The Path to Purpose? | That not enough teens move towards identity resolution. |
| A period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives. | crisis |
| The part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do. | commitment |
| Marcia's term for the state adolescents are in when they have not yet experienced an identity crisis or made any commitments. | identity diffusion |
| Marcia's term for the state adolescents are in when they have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis. | identity foreclosure |
| Marcia's term for the state of adolescents who are in the midst of an identity crisis but who have not made a clear commitment to an identity. | identity moratorium |
| Marcia's term for an adolescent who has undergone an identity crisis and made a commitment. | identity achievement |
| Refers to the stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others. | narrative identity |
| Theorists who have extended Marcia’s concepts stress that effective identity development involves evaluating identity commitments on a continuing basis. What two concepts have been devised to describe this ongoing identity examination? | Exploration in depth and identification with commitment |
| A third dimension, ________________ ______________ indicates how identity exploration can sometimes become too distressful. | ruminative or excessive exploration |
| Which of Marcia’s statuses of identity development are more likely to occur in early adolescence? | diffusion, moratorium, or foreclosure |
| Many researchers now suggest that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place in _________________________ rather than in adolescence. | emerging adulthood |
| Moratorium-achievement cycle | MAMA cycle |
| Cooper notes that a family atmosphere supporting both ________________ and __________________ is important to an adolescent’s identity development. | individuality and connectedness |
| Erikson's sixth developmental stage, which individuals experience during the early adulthood years. At this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others. | Intimacy versus isolation |
| Researchers have found that from 5th through 9th grades, both boys and girls experience a ___percent decrease in the state off being “very happy” (Larson & Lampman-Petraitis, 1989). | 50 |
| Are hormones related to emotional fluctuations in adolescence? | yes |
| However, ___________________________________ may contribute more to the emotions of adolescence than hormonal changes. | environmental changes |
| What are the big five factors of personality? | Penness, onscientiousness, xtraverison, greeableness, and euroticism (emotional stability) |
| An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. | temperament |
| A child who generally is in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences. | Easy child |
| A child who reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences. | Difficult child |
| A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. | Slow-to-warm-up child |
| The match between an individual’s temperament and the environmental demands the individual must cope with is called __________________________. | goodness of fit |
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gmoore730
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