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Soul Beliefs Exam 2
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| levels of explanation | rungs on a ladder, with the lower rungs tied most closely to biological influences and the higher rungs tied most closely to social influence |
| multiply determined | caused by many factors |
| single-variable explanations | explanations that try to account for complex behaviors in terms of only a single cause |
| individual differences | variations among people in their thinking, emotion, and behavior |
| naive realism | belief that we see the world precisely as it is |
| confirmation bias | tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence that contradicts them |
| belief perseverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them |
| scientific theory | explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world |
| hypothesis | testable prediction derived from a scientific theory |
| pseudoscience | set of claims that seems scientific but is not |
| apophenia | tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena |
| metaphysical claims | assertations about the world that are not testable |
| scientific skepticism | approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them |
| critical thinking | set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion |
| correlation-causation fallacy | error of assuming that since one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other |
| variable | anything that can vary |
| falsifiable | capable of being disproved |
| replicability | when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators |
| introspection | method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences |
| structuralism | school of psych that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience |
| functionalism | school of psych that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics |
| behaviorism | school of psych that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior |
| cognition | mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking |
| psychoanalysis | school of psych, founded by Freud, focuses on internal physiological processes of which we are unaware |
| evolutionary psychology | discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior |
| basic research | research examining how the mind works |
| applied research | research examinging how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems |
| artificial selection | procedure that differentially mates organisms to produce offspring with specific characteristics |
| natural selection | process whereby the environment differentially favors organisms with characteristicsthat affect survival and production of offspring |
| gene | unit of heredity |
| biological evolution | changes in characteristics over successive generations due to natural selection and mutation |
| variation | first component of evolution: individual members of a species differ from one another |
| selection | second component of evolution: provides direction to the process |
| retention | third component of evolution: the favored variations are retained through heredity |
| selectionism | explanation of the complex outcomes as the cumulative effect of the 3 component process |
| fossil | remains of an animal/plant found in the earth |
| DNA | model= twisted ladder. sides are connected by rungs of pairs of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) |
| bipedalism | habitually walking upright on 2 legs |
| carbon dating | method to determine the age at which an organism lived by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon |
| regulatory genes | genes that govern genes that code for protein |
| hominids | the genus of bipedal apes ancestral to humans |
| genetics | study of the hereditary structures of organisms (genes) |
| heredity | sum of the traits inherited from one's parents |
| RNA | single stranded nucleic acid that is involved with several functions within the cell |
| genome | total set of genetic material of an organism |
| enzymes | proteins that regulate processes that occur within cells- organic catalysts |
| chromosomes | paired rod-like structures in the nucleus of a cell, contain genes |
| autosomes | 22 pairs of chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | the X or Y chromosomes that contain genes affecting sexual development |
| sexual reproduction | production of offspring by combining the germ cells of a male and female |
| germ cells | reproductive cells that have only one member of each pair of chromosomes |
| meiosis | process of cell division by which germ cells are produced |
| allele | alternative forms of the same gene as a trait |
| dominant allele | a trait that is exhibited when only one allele is present (expressed in heterozygous cells) |
| phenotype | appearance or behavior of an organism; outward expression of the genotype |
| recessive allele | trait expressed only when both alleles of a gene are the same (expressed by homozygous cells) |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| polygenetic control | characteristic affected by more than one gene as with most behavior |
| Mendelian traits | traits showing a dominant, recessive, or sex-linked pattern of inheritance. not polygenic |
| sex-linked traits | traits affected by genes located on the sex chromosome |
| mutation | alternations in nucleotides within a single gene. can occur spontaneously or from experimental manipulation |
Created by:
hhannam23
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