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PSYC 160 Chapter 16
SEX, GENDER, AND PERSONALITY
Question | Answer |
---|---|
sex differences | average differences between women/men on certain characteristics (e.g. height, body fat distribution, personality characteristics) with no prejudgment about cause of the differences |
gender | social interpretations of what it means to be a man/woman |
gender stereotypes | beliefs we hold about how men/women differ/are supposed to differ, not necessarily based on reality. Gender stereotypes can have important real-life consequences that can damage people - in health, jobs, advancement, social rep |
effect size | in meta-analysis, how large a particular diff is, or how strong a particular correlation is, as averaged over several experiments or studies |
minimalist | those who describe sex diff as small/inconsequential |
maximalist | those who describe sex diff as comparable in magnitude to effect sizes in other areas of psychology, important to consider, and recomment that they should not be trivialized |
inhibitory control | ability to control inappropriate responses/behaviors |
perceptual sensitivity | ability to detect subtle stimuli from environment |
surgency | aka Extraversion,part of 5FM |
negative affectivity | components such as sadness, anger, difficulty, and amount of distress |
trust | defined by proclivity to cooperate with others, giving others the benefit of the doubt, and viewing one's fellow human beings as basically good at heart |
tender-mindedness | defined by a nurturant proclivity, having empathy for others, and being sympathetic with those who are downtrodden |
global self-esteem | defined as "the level of global regard that one has for the self as a person". Range from highly + to highly -, reflects overall evaluation of self at broadest level. Linked to aspects of functioning and is commonly thought to be central to mental health. |
people-things dimension | [BRIAN LITTLE theory of personality] nature of vocational interests. Those at "things end - like vocations that deal with impersonal tasks (carpenter, mechanic, contractor). Those high on "people" end prefer social occupations - teacher, social worker |
rumination | Repeatedly focusing on one's symptoms or distress Rumination fails to lead to efficacious solutions -> women continue to ruminate. Rumination thought as key contributor to women's greater experience of depressive symptoms. |
masculinity | define cultural roles associated with males, contain items reflecting assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, and instrumentality |
femininity | define cultural roles associated with females. Include nurturance, expression of emotions, and empathy. |
androgynous | Persons who score high on both dimensions of masculinity and femininity, notion that single person can possess both masculine and feminine characteristics |
instrumentality | personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed in direct fashion, showing independence from others, and displaying self-sufficiency |
expressiveness | ease with which one can express emotions (e.g. crying, showing empathy, showing nurturance) |
gender schemata | cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social information on basis of sex-linked associations |
social categories | cognitive component that describes the ways individuals classify other people into groups, such as "cads" and "dads". One aspect of stereotyping |
socialization theory | notion that boys/girls become different because boy/girls are reinforced by parents, teachers, and media for being "masculine"/"feminine". Probably the most widely held theory of sex diff in personality |
social learning theory | emphasizes ways in which presence of others influence people's behavior, thoughts, or feelings. With learning principles, emphasis is on how people acquire beliefs, values, skills, attitudes, patterns of social behavior through social experiences. |
social role theory | sex diff originate because men/women are distributed differentially into occupational and family roles - men = bread-winners, women = housewife. Children learn over time the behaviors that are linked to these roles |
hormonal theories | men/women differ not because of external social environment, but rather because the sexes have different amounts of specific hormones. These physiological differences - NOT diff social treatments - cause diff in genders |
adaptive problems | anything that impedes survival/reproduction. All adaptations must contribute to fitness during period of time in which they evolve by helping an organism survive, reproduce, or facilitate reproductive success of genetic relatives. |