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PSYC 160 Chapter 17
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cultural variations | within-group similarities and between-group differences (e.g. physical, psychological, behavioral/attitudinal). Two ingredients to explain: 1) universal underlying mechanism and 2) environmental diff to degree where underlying mechanism is activated |
| cultural personality psychology | 3 goals of discovery: 1)principles underlying the cultural diversity 2) how human psychology shapes culture 3) how cultural understandings in turn shape our psychology |
| evoked culture | way of considering culture that concentrates on phenomena that are triggered in different ways by different environmental conditions |
| high-variance conditions | key variable triggering communal food sharing is degree of variability in food resources -> high-variance conditions allow substantial benefits to sharing |
| egalitarianism | how much a particular group displays equal treatment of all individuals within the group |
| culture of honor | [NISBETT] develops as result of economic means of subsistence of a culture. In cultures of honor, insults are highly offensive public challenges that must be met with direct confrontation and physical aggression. |
| transmitted culture | representations originally in mind of one or more persons that are transmitted to minds of other people. Cultural variants that seem to be result of transmitted culture are: diff in moral values, self-concept, levels of self-enhancement. |
| balkanization | social re-segregation following a time of peaceful integration and social diversity. Derived from breakup of Yugoslavia during 1990s, where national groups split apart and re-segregated formerly integrated countries in the Balkans |
| interdependence | [MARKUS/KITAYAMA] First of two fundamental "cultural tasks" that have to be confronted. Involves how you are affiliated with/attached to/engaged in larger group of which you are a member. Includes relationship with other members and your embeddedness. |
| independence | aka AGENCY [MARKUS/KITAYAMA], involves how you differentiate yourself from the larger group. Includes unique abilities, personal internal motives, personality dispositions, ways you separate from larger group |
| individualism | sense of self as autonomous and independent, with priority given to personal goals |
| collectivism | sense of interdependence with others in the group, giving priority to goals of their in-groups. Especially concerned about social relationships, more self-effacing, less likely to boast/brag about personal accomplishments. |
| acculturation | process of, after arriving in new culture, adapting to ways of life and beliefs common in new culture |
| holistic | way of processing information that involves attention to relationships, contexts, and links between the focal objects and the field as a whole |
| analytic | to explain event with the object detached from its context, attributes of objects or people assigned to categories, and a reliance on rules about the categories to explain behavior |
| self-enhancement | tendency to describe and present oneself using positive/socially valued attributes. Tendencies tend to be stable over time, and hence are enduring features of personality |
| within-culture variation | variations within a particular culture that arise from several sources (e.g. diff in growing up in various SES, historical era, or racial context) |
| social class | variability based on economic, educational, employment vars. In within-culture var terms - social class has effect on personality. Ex. lower class parents emphasize importance of obedience to authority, higher parents the importance of self-direction |
| historical era | affects intracultural variation of personality (e.g. growing up during econ depression more anxious about job security/conservative spending style.) Disentangling effects of historical era extremely difficult - most personality measures not used earlier |
| cultural universals | features common to everyone across cultures - human nature level of analyzing personality and define elements of personality we share with all/most other people |
| Whorfian Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity | 1956, language creates thought and experience - ideas that people think and emotions they feel are constrained by words that happen to exist in their language and culture and with which they use to express them |
| Lexical Hypothesis | basis of lexical approach - important individual diff have become encoded wtihin natural language. Over ancestral time, diff between people that were important were noticed and words were invented to communicate them |
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