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Myers 9 Chapter 16
Bell West / Social Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another. |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
| attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
| central route to persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
| peripheral route to persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
| role | a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. |
| conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
| normative | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. |
| social facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a reaiistic appraisal of alternatives. |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves sterotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members. |
| ingroup | "us" - people with whom we share a common identity. |
| outgroup | "them" - those preceived as different or apart from the in group. |
| ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group. |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
| other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. |
| just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
| self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
| social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
| conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideals |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
| mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
| GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |
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