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AP Psych Unit 6
Vocab from Unit 6 of Myers' Psychology for AP textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experiences | Learning |
| An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with with repeated exposure to it | Habituation |
| Learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences | Associative Learning |
| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | Classical Conditioning |
| The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without references to the mental processes | Behaviorism |
| The unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned Response (UR) |
| A stimulus that inconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a reaponse. | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
| The learned response to a previously neutral(but now conditioned)stimulus | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elict similar responses | Generalization |
| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | Acquisition |
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus | High-Order Conditioning |
| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced | Extinction |
| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | Spontaneous Recovery |
| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | Discrimination |
| the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | Learned Helplessness |
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | Respondent Behavior |
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher | Operant Conditioning |
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | Operant Behavior |
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | Law of Effect |
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking | Operant Chamber |
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | Shaping |
| in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) | Discriminative Stimulus |
| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | Reinforce |
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | Positive Reinforcement |
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment) | Negative Reinforcement |
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | Primary Reinforcer |
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce | Conditioned Reinforcer |
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | Continuous Reinforcement |
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | Partial Reinforcement |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | Variable-Ratio Schedule |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | Fixed-Interval Schedule |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | Variable-Interval Schedule |
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | Punishment |
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. | Cognitive Map |
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | Latent Learning |
| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | Insight |
| a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | Intrinsic Motivation |
| a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | Extrinsic Motivation |
| learning by observing others (also social learning) | Observational Learning |
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | Modeling |
| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath | Mirror Neurons |
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | Prosocial Behavior |
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chiefrunner
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