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Chapter 6

Learning

QuestionAnswer
What is learning? A "relative" permanent change in behavior as a result of experience, practice, or both.
What is conditioning? Linked to learning in that it is the process of forming associations which is the basis of all learning.
What is the process of conditioning based on? Conditioning is based on the response of an organism to a stimulus.
What is a stimulus? Something that produces a reaction.
What is a response? A reaction to a stimulus.
Who discovered classical conditioning? A Russian psychologist named Ivan Pavlov.
Who discovered Operant Conditioning? A psychologist from Harvard University named B.F. Skinner.
How are associations formed in Classical Conditioning? By "accident" or through unintentionally arranging an association to occur.
What is an unconditional stimulus (UCS)? A stimulus that leads to a response without training.
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)? An automatic reaction to a naturally occurring stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus? Something that should have no effect on the response of a subject.
What is a conditioned stimulus? Something that used to be the neutral stimulus but is now causing a subject to respond unnaturally.
What is a conditioned response? A learned pattern of behavior.
What is extinction? A process of classical conditioning working in reverse.
What is spontaneous recovery? When a past conditioned stimulus brought back a conditioned response several weeks or even years later.
What is meant by the term stimulus generalization? Cannot distinguish between similar stimuli.
What is meant by the term stimulus discrimination? The ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are similar.
What is flooding? used to reduce fear (extreme)
What is systematic desensitization. used to reduce fear (gradual)
What is counter-conditioning? Another way to reduce fear when pairing a pleasant experiment to a negative one.
What is Operant Conditioning? an individual learns to do something because of its effects or consequences.
What is reinforcement? The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again.
What is a primary reinforcer? exist due to a person's biological makeup. They do not need to be taught and are basically instincts.
What is a secondary reinforcer? exist due to the value that they represent to an individual. These need to be taught and aren't instinctive.
What is a positive reinforcer? Promotes action in an individual. This increases the frequency of a behavior, when they are applied after the behavior has occurred.
What is a negative reinforcer? Causes an individual to take some type of action. The individual is engaging in a behavior that they hope will alleviate or abolish a negative situation.
What is punishment? Designed to STOP the frequency of a behavior.
What are some of the dangers associated with punishment? > doesn't teach alternate acceptable behavior. > only tends to work if it's guaranteed and consistent. > severely punished people or animals may try to leave the situation rather than change their behavior. > It can create anger and hostility
What are the key features of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement? Type of schedule in which a fixed amount of time elapses between reinforcements.
What are the key features of a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement? Type of schedule in which varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? Type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses have been made.
What is a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement? Type of schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses have been made.
Can extinction occur in Operant Conditioning? Yes.
Can spontaneous recovery occur in Operant Conditioning? Yes.
Who discovered Observational Learning? Albert Bandura
What is Observational Learning? People can learn by watching and imitating other people or by imitating things they read or watch on TV or other types of media.
Created by: cindysmile
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