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BSI test 4 part 2
lectures 51-52
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are effectors? | muscles and glands affected by rapid propagates electrical signals (AP) and synaptically-released chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) |
| what are interneurons? | any neuron totally contained within the CNS |
| what are motor neurons | nureons affecting effectors such as muscles and glands |
| what are sensory neurons involves in? | monitoring |
| sensory is also known as | afferent |
| motor is also known as | efferent |
| What is somactic sensory? | type of afferent involving touch, pressure, vision, hearing |
| What is visceral sensory? | type of afferent involving internal homeostasis such as nausea, hunger, chemical changes |
| What is somatic motor? | type of efferent involving motor activity of skeletal muscles |
| what is brachial motor? | type of efferent involving motor activity of pharyngeal arch muscles |
| what is visceral motor? | type of efferent involving activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
| the visceral motor division is also known as | the autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| the ANS is divided into | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| what is a reflex? | a response to a stimulus that can be simple or complex |
| what is monosynaptic? | one synapse with no interneurons and no integration |
| what is an example of monosynaptic? | muscle stretch by tapping on muscle with hammer |
| what is polysynaptic | many synapses utilizing interneurons to produce an integrated response |
| what is the simplest reflex? | monosynaptic |
| what does the simplest reflex consist of? | one segment of the spinal cord and involves only one synapse between afferent and efferent output |
| what is a segment? | length covered by one spinal vertebra |
| what is an example of polysynaptic reflex? | touching something hot and quicking removing hand |
| interneurons also inhibit what? | antagonistic muscles. |
| what are examples of antagonistic muscles? | biceps vs. triceps |
| What send info up the spinal cord to the brain where the stimulus is perceived? | collaterals (branches) from incoming sensory neuronal processes |
| what are protective reflexes? | autonomic reflexes to limit damage. |
| what are neuroblasts? | future neurons |
| what are neuroblasts prduced from? | the dividing of neuroepithelium |
| what happens after neuroblasts are produced? | they igrate to required location |
| altar plate neuroblasts form what? | interneurons |
| basal plate neuroblasts form what? | motor neurons |
| where are future sensory neurons formed? | neural crest cells |
| where do future sensory neurons stay? | outside of the CNS |
| dendrites are also known as... | inputs |
| axons are also known as | outputs |
| CSF stands for | cerebral spinal fluid |
| What is the function of dendrites? | to recieve info via chemical transmission across synapses |
| what is the function for axon | transmit information by propagation APs away from cell body towards a synapse |
| what is the function of the glial cells? | myelinate the axon thus increasing conduction velocity |
| what are the glial cells also known as? | schwann cells of the PNS |
| what are the transport systems in the axon and dendrites? | microtubules and molecular motors |
| what are neurons characterized according to? | processes /dendrites |
| multipolar neuron includes what? | spinal motorneurons and all principal neurons of the cerebral cortices and cerebellum |
| the multipolar neuron consists of what? | multiple dendrites |
| the bipolar neuron consists of what? | dendrites and axon joined as a single processes |
| bipolar neuron is found where? | retina involving processing of visual info |
| the unipolar neuron consists of what? | dendrites and axon via single process |
| the unipolar neuron is involved in what? | sending sensory info into the cns |
| where are the unipolar neuron cell bodies located? | outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia |
| neurons may have | multiple dendrites yet only one axon |
| An axon of a single neuron may do what? | split into innervate multiple effectors |
| what are the characteristics of the psuedounipolar neuron? | same as unipolar |
| which synapses have the least influence? | the synapses that are furthest on the dendritic branch |
| what are pyramidal cells | the principal neurons of the cerebral cortices |
| what are purkinje cells | the principal neurons of the cerebellar |
| what are considered the "forgotten horoes" of the NS | Glia |
| what to astrocytes do? | help form blood-brain barrier and with neuronal nutrition |
| what are microglial cells | CNS's immune cells |
| what do ependymal cells do? | line the ventricular system of the brain and secrete CSF |
| what do oligodendrocytes do? | myelinate CNS axons, insulating them and forcing faster rate of info transfer |
| what do schwann cells do? | mylenate axons outside of the CNS and wrap around bundles of thin PNS axons |
| Schwann cells are known as | the PNS equivalent of oligodendrites |
| what are the nodes of ranvier? | gaps in the insulating myelin |
| what happens at the nodes of ranvier? | AP's are forced to jump between due to insulation which forces the rate of conduction to increase down the axon |
| what is endoneurium? | connective tissue surrounding each individual axon |
| what are perineurium? | connective tissue covering groups of axons with similar sunction (in fascicles) |
| what is epineurium? | connective tissue wrapping and protecting the entire nerve |
| what is inner gray matter composed of? | cell bodies and dendrites |
| what is outer white matter composed of? | myelinated axons |
| in the white matter what direction is the data transmitted? | in both directions (afferent and efferent) |
| which part of the brain has an extra outer gray layer? | the cerebellum |
| what is the most common cause of neural disability in young adults? | multiple sclerosis |
| what is the anti-inflammatory steriod used to treat MS symptoms? | methylprednisolone |
| what is the ant-inflammatory drug used to treat symptoms of MS? | interferon beta-1a |
| what is the immunomodulator used to treat symptoms of MS? | glatiramer |
| How does methylprednisolone work to treat MS symptoms? | reduces severity and duration of relapse but not frequency |
| how does interferon beta-1a work to treat MS symtoms? | strengthens blood brain barrier |
| how does glatiramer work to treat MS symptoms? | diverts immune system from attacking myelin as it mimics the structure of myelin basic protein |
| what is the cancer treatment drug used to treat MS symptoms? | mitoxantrone |
| how does mitoxantrone work to supress MS symptoms? | suppresses lymphocyte activity so they do not attack the myelin |
Created by:
jeanieceford
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