Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BSI test 4
bones!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the shaft of a long bone? | Diaphysis |
| what is the distal and proximal ends of the long bone? | epiphysis |
| where is the articular cartilage located? | end of epiphysis |
| what is the articular cartilage? | hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses |
| What is the Metaphyses? | between the diaphysis and epiphyses contains epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line |
| What is the epiphyseal plate? | layer of hyaline cartilage allows for bone to grow in length |
| what is the epiphyseal line? | cartilage is replaced with bone |
| what is the periosteum? | sheath of sense irregular connective tissue surrounding the bone surface. |
| what helps serve as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons? | periosteum |
| what is the medullary cavity? | space within diaphysis |
| what is the endosteum? | thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| what is the principle artery that supplies the shaft of the bone? | the nutrient artery |
| where do the branches of the nutrient artery go? | through the canals of the haversian systems and other cavities of the bone |
| the nutrient artery enters the diaphysis via what? | the nutrient foramen |
| the bone contains an abundant matrix that surrounds | widely spaced cells |
| the bone matrix consists of | inorganic salts deposited on a mineral framework (osteoid) |
| what are osteogenic cells? | undifferentiated stem cells |
| what are osteogenic cells derived from? | mesenchyme |
| where are osteogenic cells located? | along inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and in canals that contain blood vessels |
| what are osteoblasts | bone building cells |
| how do osteoblasts initate calcification? | by secreting alkaline phosphates |
| what are osteocytes? | mature bone cells that maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue DO NOT undergo cell division |
| what are osteoclasts? | cells derived from stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to monocytes |
| what are monocytes | cells of the immune system |
| multinucleated osteoclasts are formed how? | differentiation and fusion of monocytes |
| what cells are responsible for bone reabsorption? | osteoclasts |
| when is the ruffled border of the osteoclast more pronounced? | when it is activated and ready to secrete lysosomes |
| compact bone is arranged in units called | osteons |
| osteons are also known as | havarsion systems |
| the havarsion canal contains what? | blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves |
| perforating or volkman's canal does what? | connects central canals to eachother, to medullary cavity and to the periosteum |
| concentric lamellae and inner and outer circumferential lamellae are what? | rings of hard calcified matrix |
| what is lacunae? | spaces in matrix that hous osteocytes |
| what are canaliculi? | small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting adjacent lacunae |
| what do canaliculi contain? | fingerlike processes of osteocytes which communicate via gap junctions with neighboring osteocytes |
| where is red marrow housed? | in the spongy bone |
| what type of bone tissue makes up most bones? | spongy bone |
| where is red marrow located in adults? | sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, clavicles, femur, humerus, and cranial bones |
| what does the red marrow contain? | adipocytes, fibroblasts, blood cells and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers |
| where is the yellow marrow located? | medullary cavity |
| what does yellow marrow contain? | adipocytes and a few blood cells |
| where are triglycerides stored in the bone? | in the yellow marrow |
| nerves follow what into the bone tissue? | vessels |
| what do nerves do for bones? | sense damage and transmit pain messages |
| bone is the storehouse for what primary minerals? | calcium and phosphate |
| where does blood cell production take place in the bone? | red bome marrow |
| which hormone is secreted from bones? | osteocalcin |
| what is the function of osteocalcin? | helps regulate blood glucose levels |
| what is the major organic component of thematrix? | collagen |
| what is bone grown controlled by? | hormone IGF-1 |
| what is the zone of resting cartilage made up of? | hyaline cartilage with scattered chondrocytes |
| what is the function of the zone of resting cartilage? | connects epiphysis to growth plate |
| where is the zone of resting cartilage located | nearest to the epiphyses |
| what happens to section of bone in ages 18-25? | epiphyseal plate become epiphyseal line by turning into bone. this stops bone growth. |
| what happens in the zone of proliferating cartilage | chondrocytes undergo suessive mitotic divisions to form columns of cells |
| what hapens in the zone of hypertrophic cartilage? | maturation of cells, chondrocytes hypertrophy |
| lendthening of the diaphysis is a result of | the zone of proliferation cell division |
| zone of calcified cartiliage consists of what? | a cacificed matrix around hypertrophied chondrocytes |
| osteoblasts secrete what? | alkaline phosphates that initates crystallization of mineral salts |
| appositional growth is what? | thickening of the bone |
| collagen breakdown products have what? | pyridinoline structures that can be measured in urine as a rate of bone resorption over time |
| serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels are used to do what? | measure rate of bone formation or bone turnover |
| how do osteoblasts and clasts communicate? | RANK RANKL OPG |
| RANKL is the receptor activator of what? | NF-kB |
| RANKL is expressed where? | membrane of osteoblasts and some immune cells |
| RANK is the preceptor for | RANKL |
| to stimulate osteoclastogenesis and exisiting osteoclast activity what does RANKL do? | RANKL binds to RANK |
| OPG stands for | osteoprotegerin |
| OPG inhibits osteoclastogenesis by doing what? | binding to RANKL so it cannot bind to RANK |
| what controls the bone remodeling process? | the balance of RANKL/OPG expression |
| PTH does what to the bone? | increases RANKL and suppresses OPG |
| IL-6 does what to the bone? | increases RANKL and suppresses OPG |
| Estrogen does what to the bone? | stimulates OPG anf suppresses RANKL |
| 50% of calcium that is stored in the plasma is | ionized and not bound to anything |
| the biologically active form of calcium is what type? | the ionized approximatly .5% of calcium in body |
| 41% of calcium that is stored in the plasma is | bound to albumin |
| 9% of calcium that is stored in the plasma is | bound to anions |
| what is calcium used for in the body? | blood clotting, muscle contraction and nerve function |
| What does ADH do? | stimulates reabsorbtion of water |
| hypercalcemia does what to the kidney | makes it insensiticve to ADH which increases urination |
| hypercalcemia does what to the blood? | increases osmolarity which makes tour brain want to drink more |
| 2/3 of plasma phosphate is in | organic compounds |
| 1/3 of plasme phosphate is in | inorganic comounds (Pi) |
| what does PTH do? | increases plasma calcium and decreases plasma phosphate |
| what is secreted in response to low plasma Ca levels | PTH |
| PTH increases | reabsorption of Ca by kidneys |
| Calcitonin | decreases plasma calcium and phosphate and decreases bone resorption |
| Vitamin D | increases plasma calcium and phosphate, increases intestinal absorption of Ca and P |
| Vitamin D is converted in the liver by Vitamin D-25-hydroxylase to | -hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] |
| hydroxyvitamin D3 is also known as | calcitrial |
| Vitamin D2 or D3 comes from | conversion of 7 dehydrocholesterol in the skin by UVb or radiation |
| 25(OH)D3 is what in this form? | inactive and must be converted in the kidneys |
| 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3 is what in this form? | biologically active |
| 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is also known as | calcitriol |
| PTh stimulates the 1alpha-OHase in the kidney and therefore... | is essential in the activation of Vitamin D |
| what regulatory hormone of calcium and phosphate homestasis reduces risk of cancers and other diseases? | Vitamin D |
| osteoporosis is defined as | havind a BMD 2.5 SDs below peack bone mass as measured by DXA |
| T-score of >-1.0 | normal |
| T-Score of -1.0 to -2.5 | osteopenic |
| T-Score of <-2.5 | osteoproatic |
| what is primary osteoporisis cause from? | cumulative bone loss |
| what is the most common type of osteoporosis? | postmenopausal Type:1 |
| what types are considered primary osteoporosis? | postmenopausal and senile |
| what is secondary osteoporosis caused from? | disease or drug therapy |
| what is kyphosis | hunchback of notredam |
| what can kyphosis lead to | compression of organs |
Created by:
jeanieceford
Popular Pharmacology sets