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AP Psych Chapter 4
Development
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
| Zygote | The fertilized egg - it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and then develops into an embryo. |
| Embryo | The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
| Fetus | The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking - in severe cases, symptoms include noticable facial mis-proportions. |
| Teratogens | Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
| Rooting Reflex | A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple. |
| Maturation | Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively unifluenced by experience. |
| Schema | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
| Assimilation | Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. |
| Accommodation | Adapting one's current understanding to incorporate new information. |
| Cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Sensorimotor Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
| Object Permanence | The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| Pre-operational Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| Conservation | The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
| Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view. |
| Theory of Mind | People's ideas about their own and other's mental states - feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors. |
| Concrete Operational Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. |
| Formal Operational Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| Stranger Anxiety | The fear of strangers that infants begin to display at about 8 months of age. |
| Attachment | An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to a caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
| Critical Period | An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
| Imprinting | The process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
| Basic Trust | According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. |
| Self-Concept | A sense of one's identity and personal worth. |
| Adolescence | The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending fro puberty to independence. |
| Puberty | The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible. |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, and male voice quality, and body hair. |
| Menarche | The first menstrual period. |
| Identity | One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |
| Intimacy | In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships. |
| Menopause | The time of natural cessation of menstruation. |
| Alzheimers Disease | A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning. |
| Cross-Sectional Study | A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |
| Longitudinal Study | Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. |
| Crystallized Intelligence | One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends ti increase with age. |
| Fluid Intelligence | One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. |
| Social Clock | The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood,and retirement. |
| Hospice | A special place where dying people live and are looked after. |
| Autism | A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. |
| Contact Comfort/Contact Touch | Comfort derived from an infant's physical contact with the mother or caregiver. Harry Harlow is credited with the creation of this idea. |
| Authoritarian Parent | The parent is demanding but not responsive, strict parenting. |
| Authoritative Parent | The parent is demanding and responsive, balanced parenting. Reasoning is presented to the child for a decision when it is made. Also considered to be Democratic Parenting. |
| Permissive Parent | The parent is responsive but not demanding, indulgent parenting. |
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Kingsclass
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